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463 lines
12 KiB
ReStructuredText
463 lines
12 KiB
ReStructuredText
.. py:module:: PIL.Image
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.. py:currentmodule:: PIL.Image
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:py:mod:`~PIL.Image` Module
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===========================
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The :py:mod:`~PIL.Image` module provides a class with the same name which is
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used to represent a PIL image. The module also provides a number of factory
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functions, including functions to load images from files, and to create new
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images.
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Examples
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--------
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Open, rotate, and display an image (using the default viewer)
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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The following script loads an image, rotates it 45 degrees, and displays it
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using an external viewer (usually xv on Unix, and the Paint program on
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Windows).
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.. code-block:: python
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from PIL import Image
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im = Image.open("bride.jpg")
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im.rotate(45).show()
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Create thumbnails
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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The following script creates nice thumbnails of all JPEG images in the
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current directory preserving aspect ratios with 128x128 max resolution.
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.. code-block:: python
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from PIL import Image
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import glob, os
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size = 128, 128
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for infile in glob.glob("*.jpg"):
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file, ext = os.path.splitext(infile)
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im = Image.open(infile)
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im.thumbnail(size)
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im.save(file + ".thumbnail", "JPEG")
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Functions
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---------
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.. autofunction:: open
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.. warning::
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To protect against potential DOS attacks caused by "`decompression bombs`_" (i.e. malicious files
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which decompress into a huge amount of data and are designed to crash or cause disruption by using up
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a lot of memory), Pillow will issue a ``DecompressionBombWarning`` if the image is over a certain
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limit. If desired, the warning can be turned into an error with
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``warnings.simplefilter('error', Image.DecompressionBombWarning)`` or suppressed entirely with
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``warnings.simplefilter('ignore', Image.DecompressionBombWarning)``. See also `the logging
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documentation`_ to have warnings output to the logging facility instead of stderr.
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.. _decompression bombs: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zip_bomb
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.. _the logging documentation: https://docs.python.org/3/library/logging.html#integration-with-the-warnings-module
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Image processing
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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.. autofunction:: alpha_composite
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.. autofunction:: blend
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.. autofunction:: composite
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.. autofunction:: eval
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.. autofunction:: merge
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Constructing images
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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.. autofunction:: new
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.. autofunction:: fromarray
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.. autofunction:: frombytes
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.. autofunction:: frombuffer
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Generating images
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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.. autofunction:: effect_mandelbrot
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.. autofunction:: effect_noise
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.. autofunction:: linear_gradient
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.. autofunction:: radial_gradient
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Registering plugins
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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.. note::
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These functions are for use by plugin authors. Application authors can
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ignore them.
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.. autofunction:: register_open
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.. autofunction:: register_mime
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.. autofunction:: register_save
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.. autofunction:: register_save_all
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.. autofunction:: register_extension
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.. autofunction:: register_extensions
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.. autofunction:: registered_extensions
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.. autofunction:: register_decoder
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.. autofunction:: register_encoder
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The Image Class
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---------------
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.. autoclass:: PIL.Image.Image
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An instance of the :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` class has the following
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methods. Unless otherwise stated, all methods return a new instance of the
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:py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` class, holding the resulting image.
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.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.alpha_composite
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.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.convert
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The following example converts an RGB image (linearly calibrated according to
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ITU-R 709, using the D65 luminant) to the CIE XYZ color space:
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.. code-block:: python
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rgb2xyz = (
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0.412453, 0.357580, 0.180423, 0,
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0.212671, 0.715160, 0.072169, 0,
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0.019334, 0.119193, 0.950227, 0)
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out = im.convert("RGB", rgb2xyz)
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.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.copy
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.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.crop
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This crops the input image with the provided coordinates:
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.. code-block:: python
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from PIL import Image
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im = Image.open("hopper.jpg")
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# The crop method from the Image module takes four coordinates as input.
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# The right can also be represented as (left+width)
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# and lower can be represented as (upper+height).
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(left, upper, right, lower) = (20, 20, 100, 100)
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# Here the image "im" is cropped and assigned to new variable im_crop
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im_crop = im.crop((left, upper, right, lower))
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.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.draft
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.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.effect_spread
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.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.entropy
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.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.filter
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This blurs the input image using a filter from the ``ImageFilter`` module:
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.. code-block:: python
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from PIL import Image, ImageFilter
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im = Image.open("hopper.jpg")
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# Blur the input image using the filter ImageFilter.BLUR
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im_blurred = im.filter(filter=ImageFilter.BLUR)
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.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.getbands
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This helps to get the bands of the input image:
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.. code-block:: python
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from PIL import Image
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im = Image.open("hopper.jpg")
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print(im.getbands()) # Returns ('R', 'G', 'B')
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.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.getbbox
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This helps to get the bounding box coordinates of the input image:
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.. code-block:: python
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from PIL import Image
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im = Image.open("hopper.jpg")
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print(im.getbbox())
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# Returns four coordinates in the format (left, upper, right, lower)
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.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.getchannel
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.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.getcolors
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.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.getdata
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.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.getexif
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.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.getextrema
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.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.getpalette
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.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.getpixel
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.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.getprojection
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.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.histogram
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.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.offset
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.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.paste
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.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.point
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.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.putalpha
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.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.putdata
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.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.putpalette
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.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.putpixel
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.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.quantize
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.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.reduce
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.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.remap_palette
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.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.resize
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This resizes the given image from ``(width, height)`` to ``(width/2, height/2)``:
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.. code-block:: python
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from PIL import Image
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im = Image.open("hopper.jpg")
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# Provide the target width and height of the image
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(width, height) = (im.width // 2, im.height // 2)
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im_resized = im.resize((width, height))
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.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.rotate
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This rotates the input image by ``theta`` degrees counter clockwise:
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.. code-block:: python
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from PIL import Image
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im = Image.open("hopper.jpg")
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# Rotate the image by 60 degrees counter clockwise
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theta = 60
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# Angle is in degrees counter clockwise
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im_rotated = im.rotate(angle=theta)
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.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.save
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.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.seek
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.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.show
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.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.split
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.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.tell
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.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.thumbnail
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.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.tobitmap
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.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.tobytes
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.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.tostring
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.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.transform
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.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.transpose
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This flips the input image by using the :data:`FLIP_LEFT_RIGHT` method.
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.. code-block:: python
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from PIL import Image
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im = Image.open("hopper.jpg")
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# Flip the image from left to right
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im_flipped = im.transpose(method=Image.FLIP_LEFT_RIGHT)
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# To flip the image from top to bottom,
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# use the method "Image.FLIP_TOP_BOTTOM"
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.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.verify
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.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.fromstring
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.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.load
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.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.close
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Attributes
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----------
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Instances of the :py:class:`Image` class have the following attributes:
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.. py:attribute:: Image.filename
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:type: str
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The filename or path of the source file. Only images created with the
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factory function ``open`` have a filename attribute. If the input is a
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file like object, the filename attribute is set to an empty string.
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.. py:attribute:: Image.format
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:type: Optional[str]
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The file format of the source file. For images created by the library
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itself (via a factory function, or by running a method on an existing
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image), this attribute is set to ``None``.
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.. py:attribute:: Image.mode
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:type: str
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Image mode. This is a string specifying the pixel format used by the image.
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Typical values are “1”, “L”, “RGB”, or “CMYK.” See
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:ref:`concept-modes` for a full list.
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.. py:attribute:: Image.size
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:type: tuple[int]
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Image size, in pixels. The size is given as a 2-tuple (width, height).
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.. py:attribute:: Image.width
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:type: int
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Image width, in pixels.
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.. py:attribute:: Image.height
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:type: int
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Image height, in pixels.
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.. py:attribute:: Image.palette
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:type: Optional[PIL.ImagePalette.ImagePalette]
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Colour palette table, if any. If mode is "P" or "PA", this should be an
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instance of the :py:class:`~PIL.ImagePalette.ImagePalette` class.
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Otherwise, it should be set to ``None``.
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.. py:attribute:: Image.info
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:type: dict
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A dictionary holding data associated with the image. This dictionary is
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used by file handlers to pass on various non-image information read from
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the file. See documentation for the various file handlers for details.
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Most methods ignore the dictionary when returning new images; since the
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keys are not standardized, it’s not possible for a method to know if the
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operation affects the dictionary. If you need the information later on,
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keep a reference to the info dictionary returned from the open method.
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Unless noted elsewhere, this dictionary does not affect saving files.
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Constants
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---------
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.. data:: NONE
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Transpose methods
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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Used to specify the :meth:`Image.transpose` method to use.
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.. data:: FLIP_LEFT_RIGHT
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.. data:: FLIP_TOP_BOTTOM
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.. data:: ROTATE_90
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.. data:: ROTATE_180
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.. data:: ROTATE_270
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.. data:: TRANSPOSE
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.. data:: TRANSVERSE
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Transform methods
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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Used to specify the :meth:`Image.transform` method to use.
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.. data:: AFFINE
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Affine transform
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.. data:: EXTENT
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Cut out a rectangular subregion
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.. data:: PERSPECTIVE
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Perspective transform
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.. data:: QUAD
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Map a quadrilateral to a rectangle
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.. data:: MESH
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Map a number of source quadrilaterals in one operation
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Resampling filters
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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See :ref:`concept-filters` for details.
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.. data:: NEAREST
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:noindex:
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.. data:: BOX
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:noindex:
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.. data:: BILINEAR
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:noindex:
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.. data:: HAMMING
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:noindex:
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.. data:: BICUBIC
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:noindex:
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.. data:: LANCZOS
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:noindex:
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Some filters are also available under the following names for backwards compatibility:
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.. data:: NONE
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:noindex:
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:value: NEAREST
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.. data:: LINEAR
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:value: BILINEAR
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.. data:: CUBIC
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:value: BICUBIC
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.. data:: ANTIALIAS
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:value: LANCZOS
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Dither modes
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^^^^^^^^^^^^
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Used to specify the dithering method to use for the
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:meth:`~Image.convert` and :meth:`~Image.quantize` methods.
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.. data:: NONE
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:noindex:
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No dither
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.. comment: (not implemented)
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.. data:: ORDERED
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.. data:: RASTERIZE
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.. data:: FLOYDSTEINBERG
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Floyd-Steinberg dither
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Palettes
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^^^^^^^^
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Used to specify the pallete to use for the :meth:`~Image.convert` method.
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.. data:: WEB
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.. data:: ADAPTIVE
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Quantization methods
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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Used to specify the quantization method to use for the :meth:`~Image.quantize` method.
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.. data:: MEDIANCUT
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Median cut
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.. data:: MAXCOVERAGE
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Maximum coverage
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.. data:: FASTOCTREE
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Fast octree
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.. data:: LIBIMAGEQUANT
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libimagequant
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Check support using :py:func:`PIL.features.check_feature`
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with ``feature="libimagequant"``.
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.. comment: These are not referenced anywhere?
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Categories
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^^^^^^^^^^
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.. data:: NORMAL
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.. data:: SEQUENCE
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.. data:: CONTAINER
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