mirror of
https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow.git
synced 2024-12-27 18:36:17 +03:00
340 lines
9.7 KiB
ReStructuredText
340 lines
9.7 KiB
ReStructuredText
.. py:module:: PIL.Image
|
||
.. py:currentmodule:: PIL.Image
|
||
|
||
:py:mod:`Image` Module
|
||
======================
|
||
|
||
The :py:mod:`~PIL.Image` module provides a class with the same name which is
|
||
used to represent a PIL image. The module also provides a number of factory
|
||
functions, including functions to load images from files, and to create new
|
||
images.
|
||
|
||
Examples
|
||
--------
|
||
|
||
Open, rotate, and display an image (using the default viewer)
|
||
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
|
||
|
||
The following script loads an image, rotates it 45 degrees, and displays it
|
||
using an external viewer (usually xv on Unix, and the Paint program on
|
||
Windows).
|
||
|
||
.. code-block:: python
|
||
|
||
from PIL import Image
|
||
im = Image.open("bride.jpg")
|
||
im.rotate(45).show()
|
||
|
||
Create thumbnails
|
||
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
|
||
|
||
The following script creates nice thumbnails of all JPEG images in the
|
||
current directory preserving aspect ratios with 128x128 max resolution.
|
||
|
||
.. code-block:: python
|
||
|
||
from PIL import Image
|
||
import glob, os
|
||
|
||
size = 128, 128
|
||
|
||
for infile in glob.glob("*.jpg"):
|
||
file, ext = os.path.splitext(infile)
|
||
im = Image.open(infile)
|
||
im.thumbnail(size)
|
||
im.save(file + ".thumbnail", "JPEG")
|
||
|
||
Functions
|
||
---------
|
||
|
||
.. autofunction:: open
|
||
|
||
.. warning::
|
||
To protect against potential DOS attacks caused by "`decompression bombs`_" (i.e. malicious files
|
||
which decompress into a huge amount of data and are designed to crash or cause disruption by using up
|
||
a lot of memory), Pillow will issue a ``DecompressionBombWarning`` if the image is over a certain
|
||
limit. If desired, the warning can be turned into an error with
|
||
``warnings.simplefilter('error', Image.DecompressionBombWarning)`` or suppressed entirely with
|
||
``warnings.simplefilter('ignore', Image.DecompressionBombWarning)``. See also `the logging
|
||
documentation`_ to have warnings output to the logging facility instead of stderr.
|
||
|
||
.. _decompression bombs: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zip_bomb
|
||
.. _the logging documentation: https://docs.python.org/3/library/logging.html#integration-with-the-warnings-module
|
||
|
||
Image processing
|
||
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
|
||
|
||
.. autofunction:: alpha_composite
|
||
.. autofunction:: blend
|
||
.. autofunction:: composite
|
||
.. autofunction:: eval
|
||
.. autofunction:: merge
|
||
|
||
Constructing images
|
||
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
|
||
|
||
.. autofunction:: new
|
||
.. autofunction:: fromarray
|
||
.. autofunction:: frombytes
|
||
.. autofunction:: frombuffer
|
||
|
||
Generating images
|
||
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
|
||
|
||
.. autofunction:: effect_mandelbrot
|
||
.. autofunction:: effect_noise
|
||
.. autofunction:: linear_gradient
|
||
.. autofunction:: radial_gradient
|
||
|
||
Registering plugins
|
||
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
|
||
|
||
.. note::
|
||
|
||
These functions are for use by plugin authors. Application authors can
|
||
ignore them.
|
||
|
||
.. autofunction:: register_open
|
||
.. autofunction:: register_mime
|
||
.. autofunction:: register_save
|
||
.. autofunction:: register_save_all
|
||
.. autofunction:: register_extension
|
||
.. autofunction:: register_extensions
|
||
.. autofunction:: registered_extensions
|
||
.. autofunction:: register_decoder
|
||
.. autofunction:: register_encoder
|
||
|
||
The Image Class
|
||
---------------
|
||
|
||
.. autoclass:: PIL.Image.Image
|
||
|
||
An instance of the :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` class has the following
|
||
methods. Unless otherwise stated, all methods return a new instance of the
|
||
:py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` class, holding the resulting image.
|
||
|
||
|
||
.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.alpha_composite
|
||
.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.convert
|
||
|
||
The following example converts an RGB image (linearly calibrated according to
|
||
ITU-R 709, using the D65 luminant) to the CIE XYZ color space:
|
||
|
||
.. code-block:: python
|
||
|
||
rgb2xyz = (
|
||
0.412453, 0.357580, 0.180423, 0,
|
||
0.212671, 0.715160, 0.072169, 0,
|
||
0.019334, 0.119193, 0.950227, 0)
|
||
out = im.convert("RGB", rgb2xyz)
|
||
|
||
.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.copy
|
||
.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.crop
|
||
|
||
This crops the input image with the provided coordinates:
|
||
|
||
.. code-block:: python
|
||
|
||
from PIL import Image
|
||
|
||
im = Image.open("hopper.jpg")
|
||
|
||
# The crop method from the Image module takes four coordinates as input.
|
||
# The right can also be represented as (left+width)
|
||
# and lower can be represented as (upper+height).
|
||
(left, upper, right, lower) = (20, 20, 100, 100)
|
||
|
||
# Here the image "im" is cropped and assigned to new variable im_crop
|
||
im_crop = im.crop((left, upper, right, lower))
|
||
|
||
|
||
.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.draft
|
||
.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.effect_spread
|
||
.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.entropy
|
||
.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.filter
|
||
|
||
This blurs the input image using a filter from the ``ImageFilter`` module:
|
||
|
||
.. code-block:: python
|
||
|
||
from PIL import Image, ImageFilter
|
||
|
||
im = Image.open("hopper.jpg")
|
||
|
||
# Blur the input image using the filter ImageFilter.BLUR
|
||
im_blurred = im.filter(filter=ImageFilter.BLUR)
|
||
|
||
.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.getbands
|
||
|
||
This helps to get the bands of the input image:
|
||
|
||
.. code-block:: python
|
||
|
||
from PIL import Image
|
||
|
||
im = Image.open("hopper.jpg")
|
||
print(im.getbands()) # Returns ('R', 'G', 'B')
|
||
|
||
.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.getbbox
|
||
|
||
This helps to get the bounding box coordinates of the input image:
|
||
|
||
.. code-block:: python
|
||
|
||
from PIL import Image
|
||
|
||
im = Image.open("hopper.jpg")
|
||
print(im.getbbox())
|
||
# Returns four coordinates in the format (left, upper, right, lower)
|
||
|
||
.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.getchannel
|
||
.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.getcolors
|
||
.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.getdata
|
||
.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.getexif
|
||
.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.getextrema
|
||
.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.getpalette
|
||
.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.getpixel
|
||
.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.getprojection
|
||
.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.histogram
|
||
.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.offset
|
||
.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.paste
|
||
.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.point
|
||
.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.putalpha
|
||
.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.putdata
|
||
.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.putpalette
|
||
.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.putpixel
|
||
.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.quantize
|
||
.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.reduce
|
||
.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.remap_palette
|
||
.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.resize
|
||
|
||
This resizes the given image from ``(width, height)`` to ``(width/2, height/2)``:
|
||
|
||
.. code-block:: python
|
||
|
||
from PIL import Image
|
||
|
||
im = Image.open("hopper.jpg")
|
||
|
||
# Provide the target width and height of the image
|
||
(width, height) = (im.width // 2, im.height // 2)
|
||
im_resized = im.resize((width, height))
|
||
|
||
.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.rotate
|
||
|
||
This rotates the input image by ``theta`` degrees counter clockwise:
|
||
|
||
.. code-block:: python
|
||
|
||
from PIL import Image
|
||
|
||
im = Image.open("hopper.jpg")
|
||
|
||
# Rotate the image by 60 degrees counter clockwise
|
||
theta = 60
|
||
# Angle is in degrees counter clockwise
|
||
im_rotated = im.rotate(angle=theta)
|
||
|
||
.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.save
|
||
.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.seek
|
||
.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.show
|
||
.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.split
|
||
.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.tell
|
||
.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.thumbnail
|
||
.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.tobitmap
|
||
.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.tobytes
|
||
.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.tostring
|
||
.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.transform
|
||
.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.transpose
|
||
|
||
This flips the input image by using the ``Image.FLIP_LEFT_RIGHT`` method.
|
||
|
||
.. code-block:: python
|
||
|
||
from PIL import Image
|
||
|
||
im = Image.open("hopper.jpg")
|
||
|
||
# Flip the image from left to right
|
||
im_flipped = im.transpose(method=Image.FLIP_LEFT_RIGHT)
|
||
# To flip the image from top to bottom,
|
||
# use the method "Image.FLIP_TOP_BOTTOM"
|
||
|
||
|
||
.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.verify
|
||
|
||
.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.fromstring
|
||
|
||
.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.load
|
||
.. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.close
|
||
|
||
Attributes
|
||
----------
|
||
|
||
Instances of the :py:class:`Image` class have the following attributes:
|
||
|
||
.. py:attribute:: filename
|
||
|
||
The filename or path of the source file. Only images created with the
|
||
factory function ``open`` have a filename attribute. If the input is a
|
||
file like object, the filename attribute is set to an empty string.
|
||
|
||
:type: :py:class:`string`
|
||
|
||
.. py:attribute:: format
|
||
|
||
The file format of the source file. For images created by the library
|
||
itself (via a factory function, or by running a method on an existing
|
||
image), this attribute is set to ``None``.
|
||
|
||
:type: :py:class:`string` or ``None``
|
||
|
||
.. py:attribute:: mode
|
||
|
||
Image mode. This is a string specifying the pixel format used by the image.
|
||
Typical values are “1”, “L”, “RGB”, or “CMYK.” See
|
||
:ref:`concept-modes` for a full list.
|
||
|
||
:type: :py:class:`string`
|
||
|
||
.. py:attribute:: size
|
||
|
||
Image size, in pixels. The size is given as a 2-tuple (width, height).
|
||
|
||
:type: ``(width, height)``
|
||
|
||
.. py:attribute:: width
|
||
|
||
Image width, in pixels.
|
||
|
||
:type: :py:class:`int`
|
||
|
||
.. py:attribute:: height
|
||
|
||
Image height, in pixels.
|
||
|
||
:type: :py:class:`int`
|
||
|
||
.. py:attribute:: palette
|
||
|
||
Colour palette table, if any. If mode is "P" or "PA", this should be an
|
||
instance of the :py:class:`~PIL.ImagePalette.ImagePalette` class.
|
||
Otherwise, it should be set to ``None``.
|
||
|
||
:type: :py:class:`~PIL.ImagePalette.ImagePalette` or ``None``
|
||
|
||
.. py:attribute:: info
|
||
|
||
A dictionary holding data associated with the image. This dictionary is
|
||
used by file handlers to pass on various non-image information read from
|
||
the file. See documentation for the various file handlers for details.
|
||
|
||
Most methods ignore the dictionary when returning new images; since the
|
||
keys are not standardized, it’s not possible for a method to know if the
|
||
operation affects the dictionary. If you need the information later on,
|
||
keep a reference to the info dictionary returned from the open method.
|
||
|
||
Unless noted elsewhere, this dictionary does not affect saving files.
|
||
|
||
:type: :py:class:`dict`
|