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111 lines
3.7 KiB
ReStructuredText
111 lines
3.7 KiB
ReStructuredText
.. _file-handling:
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File handling in Pillow
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=======================
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When opening a file as an image, Pillow requires a filename, ``os.PathLike``
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object, or a file-like object. Pillow uses the filename or ``Path`` to open a
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file, so for the rest of this article, they will all be treated as a file-like
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object.
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The following are all equivalent::
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from PIL import Image
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import io
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import pathlib
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with Image.open("test.jpg") as im:
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...
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with Image.open(pathlib.Path("test.jpg")) as im2:
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...
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with open("test.jpg", "rb") as f:
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im3 = Image.open(f)
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...
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with open("test.jpg", "rb") as f:
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im4 = Image.open(io.BytesIO(f.read()))
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...
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If a filename or a path-like object is passed to Pillow, then the resulting
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file object opened by Pillow may also be closed by Pillow after the
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``Image.Image.load()`` method is called, provided the associated image does not
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have multiple frames.
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Pillow cannot in general close and reopen a file, so any access to
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that file needs to be prior to the close.
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Image lifecycle
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---------------
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* ``Image.open()`` Filenames and ``Path`` objects are opened as a file.
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Metadata is read from the open file. The file is left open for further usage.
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* ``Image.Image.load()`` When the pixel data from the image is
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required, ``load()`` is called. The current frame is read into
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memory. The image can now be used independently of the underlying
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image file.
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Any Pillow method that creates a new image instance based on another will
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internally call ``load()`` on the original image and then read the data.
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The new image instance will not be associated with the original image file.
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If a filename or a ``Path`` object was passed to ``Image.open()``, then the
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file object was opened by Pillow and is considered to be used exclusively by
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Pillow. So if the image is a single-frame image, the file will be closed in
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this method after the frame is read. If the image is a multi-frame image,
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(e.g. multipage TIFF and animated GIF) the image file is left open so that
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``Image.Image.seek()`` can load the appropriate frame.
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* ``Image.Image.close()`` Closes the file and destroys the core image object.
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The Pillow context manager will also close the file, but will not destroy
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the core image object. e.g.::
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with Image.open("test.jpg") as img:
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img.load()
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assert img.fp is None
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img.save("test.png")
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The lifecycle of a single-frame image is relatively simple. The file must
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remain open until the ``load()`` or ``close()`` function is called or the
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context manager exits.
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Multi-frame images are more complicated. The ``load()`` method is not
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a terminal method, so it should not close the underlying file. In general,
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Pillow does not know if there are going to be any requests for additional
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data until the caller has explicitly closed the image.
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Complications
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-------------
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* ``TiffImagePlugin`` has some code to pass the underlying file descriptor into
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libtiff (if working on an actual file). Since libtiff closes the file
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descriptor internally, it is duplicated prior to passing it into libtiff.
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* After a file has been closed, operations that require file access will fail::
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with open("test.jpg", "rb") as f:
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im5 = Image.open(f)
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im5.load() # FAILS, closed file
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with Image.open("test.jpg") as im6:
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pass
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im6.load() # FAILS, closed file
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Proposed file handling
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----------------------
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* ``Image.Image.load()`` should close the image file, unless there are
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multiple frames.
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* ``Image.Image.seek()`` should never close the image file.
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* Users of the library should use a context manager or call
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``Image.Image.close()`` on any image opened with a filename or ``Path``
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object to ensure that the underlying file is closed.
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