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725 lines
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ReStructuredText
725 lines
21 KiB
ReStructuredText
.. _image-file-formats:
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Image file formats
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==================
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The Python Imaging Library supports a wide variety of raster file formats.
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Nearly 30 different file formats can be identified and read by the library.
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Write support is less extensive, but most common interchange and presentation
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formats are supported.
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The :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.open` function identifies files from their
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contents, not their names, but the :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.save` method
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looks at the name to determine which format to use, unless the format is given
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explicitly.
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Fully supported formats
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-----------------------
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BMP
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^^^
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PIL reads and writes Windows and OS/2 BMP files containing ``1``, ``L``, ``P``,
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or ``RGB`` data. 16-colour images are read as ``P`` images. Run-length encoding
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is not supported.
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The :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.open` method sets the following
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:py:attr:`~PIL.Image.Image.info` properties:
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**compression**
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Set to ``bmp_rle`` if the file is run-length encoded.
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EPS
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^^^
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PIL identifies EPS files containing image data, and can read files that contain
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embedded raster images (ImageData descriptors). If Ghostscript is available,
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other EPS files can be read as well. The EPS driver can also write EPS images.
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If Ghostscript is available, you can call the :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.load`
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method with the following parameter to affect how Ghostscript renders the EPS
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**scale**
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Affects the scale of the resultant rasterized image. If the EPS suggests
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that the image be rendered at 100px x 100px, setting this parameter to
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2 will make the Ghostscript render a 200px x 200px image instead. The
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relative position of the bounding box is maintained::
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im = Image.open(...)
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im.size #(100,100)
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im.load(scale=2)
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im.size #(200,200)
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GIF
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^^^
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PIL reads GIF87a and GIF89a versions of the GIF file format. The library writes
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run-length encoded GIF87a files. Note that GIF files are always read as
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grayscale (``L``) or palette mode (``P``) images.
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The :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.open` method sets the following
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:py:attr:`~PIL.Image.Image.info` properties:
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**background**
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Default background color (a palette color index).
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**duration**
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Time between frames in an animation (in milliseconds).
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**transparency**
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Transparency color index. This key is omitted if the image is not
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transparent.
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**version**
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Version (either ``GIF87a`` or ``GIF89a``).
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Reading sequences
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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The GIF loader supports the :py:meth:`~file.seek` and :py:meth:`~file.tell`
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methods. You can seek to the next frame (``im.seek(im.tell() + 1``), or rewind
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the file by seeking to the first frame. Random access is not supported.
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Reading local images
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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The GIF loader creates an image memory the same size as the GIF file’s *logical
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screen size*, and pastes the actual pixel data (the *local image*) into this
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image. If you only want the actual pixel rectangle, you can manipulate the
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:py:attr:`~PIL.Image.Image.size` and :py:attr:`~PIL.Image.Image.tile`
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attributes before loading the file::
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im = Image.open(...)
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if im.tile[0][0] == "gif":
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# only read the first "local image" from this GIF file
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tag, (x0, y0, x1, y1), offset, extra = im.tile[0]
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im.size = (x1 - x0, y1 - y0)
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im.tile = [(tag, (0, 0) + im.size, offset, extra)]
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IM
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^^
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IM is a format used by LabEye and other applications based on the IFUNC image
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processing library. The library reads and writes most uncompressed interchange
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versions of this format.
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IM is the only format that can store all internal PIL formats.
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JPEG
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^^^^
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PIL reads JPEG, JFIF, and Adobe JPEG files containing ``L``, ``RGB``, or
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``CMYK`` data. It writes standard and progressive JFIF files.
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Using the :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.draft` method, you can speed things up by
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converting ``RGB`` images to ``L``, and resize images to 1/2, 1/4 or 1/8 of
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their original size while loading them. The :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.draft`
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method also configures the JPEG decoder to trade some quality for speed.
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The :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.open` method sets the following
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:py:attr:`~PIL.Image.Image.info` properties:
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**jfif**
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JFIF application marker found. If the file is not a JFIF file, this key is
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not present.
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**adobe**
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Adobe application marker found. If the file is not an Adobe JPEG file, this
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key is not present.
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**progression**
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Indicates that this is a progressive JPEG file.
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The :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.save` method supports the following options:
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**quality**
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The image quality, on a scale from 1 (worst) to 95 (best). The default is
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75. Values above 95 should be avoided; 100 disables portions of the JPEG
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compression algorithm, and results in large files with hardly any gain in =
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image quality.
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**optimize**
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If present, indicates that the encoder should make an extra pass over the
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image in order to select optimal encoder settings.
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**progressive**
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If present, indicates that this image should be stored as a progressive
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JPEG file.
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.. note::
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To enable JPEG support, you need to build and install the IJG JPEG library
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before building the Python Imaging Library. See the distribution README for
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details.
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JPEG 2000
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^^^^^^^^^
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.. versionadded:: 2.4.0
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PIL reads and writes JPEG 2000 files containing ``L``, ``LA``, ``RGB`` or
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``RGBA`` data. It can also read files containing ``YCbCr`` data, which it
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converts on read into ``RGB`` or ``RGBA`` depending on whether or not there is
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an alpha channel. PIL supports JPEG 2000 raw codestreams (``.j2k`` files), as
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well as boxed JPEG 2000 files (``.j2p`` or ``.jpx`` files). PIL does *not*
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support files whose components have different sampling frequencies.
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When loading, if you set the ``mode`` on the image prior to the
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:py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.load` method being invoked, you can ask PIL to
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convert the image to either ``RGB`` or ``RGBA`` rather than choosing for
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itself. It is also possible to set ``reduce`` to the number of resolutions to
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discard (each one reduces the size of the resulting image by a factor of 2),
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and ``layers`` to specify the number of quality layers to load.
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The :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.save` method supports the following options:
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**offset**
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The image offset, as a tuple of integers, e.g. (16, 16)
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**tile_offset**
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The tile offset, again as a 2-tuple of integers.
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**tile_size**
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The tile size as a 2-tuple. If not specified, or if set to None, the
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image will be saved without tiling.
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**quality_mode**
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Either `"rates"` or `"dB"` depending on the units you want to use to
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specify image quality.
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**quality_layers**
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A sequence of numbers, each of which represents either an approximate size
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reduction (if quality mode is `"rates"`) or a signal to noise ratio value
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in decibels. If not specified, defaults to a single layer of full quality.
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**num_resolutions**
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The number of different image resolutions to be stored (which corresponds
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to the number of Discrete Wavelet Transform decompositions plus one).
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**codeblock_size**
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The code-block size as a 2-tuple. Minimum size is 4 x 4, maximum is 1024 x
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1024, with the additional restriction that no code-block may have more
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than 4096 coefficients (i.e. the product of the two numbers must be no
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greater than 4096).
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**precinct_size**
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The precinct size as a 2-tuple. Must be a power of two along both axes,
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and must be greater than the code-block size.
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**irreversible**
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If ``True``, use the lossy Irreversible Color Transformation
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followed by DWT 9-7. Defaults to ``False``, which means to use the
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Reversible Color Transformation with DWT 5-3.
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**progression**
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Controls the progression order; must be one of ``"LRCP"``, ``"RLCP"``,
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``"RPCL"``, ``"PCRL"``, ``"CPRL"``. The letters stand for Component,
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Position, Resolution and Layer respectively and control the order of
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encoding, the idea being that e.g. an image encoded using LRCP mode can
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have its quality layers decoded as they arrive at the decoder, while one
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encoded using RLCP mode will have increasing resolutions decoded as they
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arrive, and so on.
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**cinema_mode**
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Set the encoder to produce output compliant with the digital cinema
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specifications. The options here are ``"no"`` (the default),
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``"cinema2k-24"`` for 24fps 2K, ``"cinema2k-48"`` for 48fps 2K, and
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``"cinema4k-24"`` for 24fps 4K. Note that for compliant 2K files,
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*at least one* of your image dimensions must match 2048 x 1080, while
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for compliant 4K files, *at least one* of the dimensions must match
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4096 x 2160.
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.. note::
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To enable JPEG 2000 support, you need to build and install the OpenJPEG
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library, version 2.0.0 or higher, before building the Python Imaging
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Library.
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Windows users can install the OpenJPEG binaries available on the
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OpenJPEG website, but must add them to their PATH in order to use PIL (if
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you fail to do this, you will get errors about not being able to load the
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``_imaging`` DLL).
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MSP
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^^^
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PIL identifies and reads MSP files from Windows 1 and 2. The library writes
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uncompressed (Windows 1) versions of this format.
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PCX
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^^^
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PIL reads and writes PCX files containing ``1``, ``L``, ``P``, or ``RGB`` data.
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PNG
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^^^
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PIL identifies, reads, and writes PNG files containing ``1``, ``L``, ``P``,
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``RGB``, or ``RGBA`` data. Interlaced files are supported as of v1.1.7.
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The :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.open` method sets the following
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:py:attr:`~PIL.Image.Image.info` properties, when appropriate:
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**gamma**
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Gamma, given as a floating point number.
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**transparency**
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Transparency color index. This key is omitted if the image is not a
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transparent palette image.
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The :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.save` method supports the following options:
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**optimize**
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If present, instructs the PNG writer to make the output file as small as
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possible. This includes extra processing in order to find optimal encoder
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settings.
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**transparency**
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For ``P``, ``L``, and ``RGB`` images, this option controls what
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color image to mark as transparent.
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**bits (experimental)**
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For ``P`` images, this option controls how many bits to store. If omitted,
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the PNG writer uses 8 bits (256 colors).
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**dictionary (experimental)**
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Set the ZLIB encoder dictionary.
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.. note::
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To enable PNG support, you need to build and install the ZLIB compression
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library before building the Python Imaging Library. See the distribution
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README for details.
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PPM
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^^^
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PIL reads and writes PBM, PGM and PPM files containing ``1``, ``L`` or ``RGB``
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data.
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SPIDER
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^^^^^^
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PIL reads and writes SPIDER image files of 32-bit floating point data
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("F;32F").
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PIL also reads SPIDER stack files containing sequences of SPIDER images. The
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:py:meth:`~file.seek` and :py:meth:`~file.tell` methods are supported, and
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random access is allowed.
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The :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.open` method sets the following attributes:
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**format**
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Set to ``SPIDER``
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**istack**
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Set to 1 if the file is an image stack, else 0.
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**nimages**
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Set to the number of images in the stack.
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A convenience method, :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.convert2byte`, is provided for
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converting floating point data to byte data (mode ``L``)::
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im = Image.open('image001.spi').convert2byte()
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Writing files in SPIDER format
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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The extension of SPIDER files may be any 3 alphanumeric characters. Therefore
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the output format must be specified explicitly::
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im.save('newimage.spi', format='SPIDER')
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For more information about the SPIDER image processing package, see the
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`SPIDER home page`_ at `Wadsworth Center`_.
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.. _SPIDER home page: http://www.wadsworth.org/spider_doc/spider/docs/master.html
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.. _Wadsworth Center: http://www.wadsworth.org/
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TIFF
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^^^^
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PIL reads and writes TIFF files. It can read both striped and tiled images,
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pixel and plane interleaved multi-band images, and either uncompressed, or
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Packbits, LZW, or JPEG compressed images.
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If you have libtiff and its headers installed, PIL can read and write many more
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kinds of compressed TIFF files. If not, PIL will always write uncompressed
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files.
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The :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.open` method sets the following
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:py:attr:`~PIL.Image.Image.info` properties:
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**compression**
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Compression mode.
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**dpi**
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Image resolution as an (xdpi, ydpi) tuple, where applicable. You can use
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the :py:attr:`~PIL.Image.Image.tag` attribute to get more detailed
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information about the image resolution.
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.. versionadded:: 1.1.5
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In addition, the :py:attr:`~PIL.Image.Image.tag` attribute contains a
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dictionary of decoded TIFF fields. Values are stored as either strings or
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tuples. Note that only short, long and ASCII tags are correctly unpacked by
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this release.
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Saving Tiff Images
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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The :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.save` method can take the following keyword arguments:
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**tiffinfo**
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A :py:class:`~PIL.TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory` object or dict
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object containing tiff tags and values. The TIFF field type is
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autodetected for Numeric and string values, any other types
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require using an :py:class:`~PIL.TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory`
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object and setting the type in
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:py:attr:`~PIL.TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory.tagtype` with
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the appropriate numerical value from
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``TiffTags.TYPES``.
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.. versionadded:: 2.3.0
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**compression**
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A string containing the desired compression method for the
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file. (valid only with libtiff installed) Valid compression
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methods are: ``[None, "tiff_ccitt", "group3", "group4",
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"tiff_jpeg", "tiff_adobe_deflate", "tiff_thunderscan",
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"tiff_deflate", "tiff_sgilog", "tiff_sgilog24", "tiff_raw_16"]``
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These arguments to set the tiff header fields are an alternative to using the general tags available through tiffinfo.
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**description**
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**software**
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**date time**
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**artist**
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**copyright**
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Strings
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**resolution unit**
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A string of "inch", "centimeter" or "cm"
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**resolution**
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**x resolution**
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**y resolution**
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**dpi**
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Either a Float, Integer, or 2 tuple of (numerator,
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denominator). Resolution implies an equal x and y resolution, dpi
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also implies a unit of inches.
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WebP
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^^^^
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PIL reads and writes WebP files. The specifics of PIL's capabilities with this
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format are currently undocumented.
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The :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.save` method supports the following options:
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**lossless**
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If present, instructs the WEBP writer to use lossless
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compression.
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**quality**
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Integer, 1-100, Defaults to 80. Sets the quality level for
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lossy compression.
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**icc_procfile**
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The ICC Profile to include in the saved file. Only supported if
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the system webp library was built with webpmux support.
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**exif**
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The exif data to include in the saved file. Only supported if
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the system webp library was built with webpmux support.
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XBM
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^^^
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PIL reads and writes X bitmap files (mode ``1``).
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XV Thumbnails
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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PIL can read XV thumbnail files.
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Read-only formats
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-----------------
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CUR
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^^^
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CUR is used to store cursors on Windows. The CUR decoder reads the largest
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available cursor. Animated cursors are not supported.
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DCX
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^^^
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DCX is a container file format for PCX files, defined by Intel. The DCX format
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is commonly used in fax applications. The DCX decoder can read files containing
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``1``, ``L``, ``P``, or ``RGB`` data.
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When the file is opened, only the first image is read. You can use
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:py:meth:`~file.seek` or :py:mod:`~PIL.ImageSequence` to read other images.
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FLI, FLC
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^^^^^^^^
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PIL reads Autodesk FLI and FLC animations.
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The :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.open` method sets the following
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:py:attr:`~PIL.Image.Image.info` properties:
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**duration**
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The delay (in milliseconds) between each frame.
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FPX
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^^^
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PIL reads Kodak FlashPix files. In the current version, only the highest
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resolution image is read from the file, and the viewing transform is not taken
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into account.
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.. note::
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To enable full FlashPix support, you need to build and install the IJG JPEG
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library before building the Python Imaging Library. See the distribution
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README for details.
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GBR
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^^^
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The GBR decoder reads GIMP brush files.
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The :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.open` method sets the following
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:py:attr:`~PIL.Image.Image.info` properties:
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**description**
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The brush name.
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GD
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^^
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PIL reads uncompressed GD files. Note that this file format cannot be
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automatically identified, so you must use :py:func:`PIL.GdImageFile.open` to
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read such a file.
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The :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.open` method sets the following
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:py:attr:`~PIL.Image.Image.info` properties:
|
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**transparency**
|
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Transparency color index. This key is omitted if the image is not
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transparent.
|
||
|
||
ICO
|
||
^^^
|
||
|
||
ICO is used to store icons on Windows. The largest available icon is read.
|
||
|
||
ICNS
|
||
^^^^
|
||
|
||
PIL reads Mac OS X ``.icns`` files. By default, the largest available icon is
|
||
read, though you can override this by setting the :py:attr:`~PIL.Image.Image.size`
|
||
property before calling :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.load`. The
|
||
:py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.open` method sets the following
|
||
:py:attr:`~PIL.Image.Image.info` property:
|
||
|
||
**sizes**
|
||
A list of supported sizes found in this icon file; these are a
|
||
3-tuple, ``(width, height, scale)``, where ``scale`` is 2 for a retina
|
||
icon and 1 for a standard icon. You *are* permitted to use this 3-tuple
|
||
format for the :py:attr:`~PIL.Image.Image.size` property if you set it
|
||
before calling :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.load`; after loading, the size
|
||
will be reset to a 2-tuple containing pixel dimensions (so, e.g. if you
|
||
ask for ``(512, 512, 2)``, the final value of
|
||
:py:attr:`~PIL.Image.Image.size` will be ``(1024, 1024)``).
|
||
|
||
IMT
|
||
^^^
|
||
|
||
PIL reads Image Tools images containing ``L`` data.
|
||
|
||
IPTC/NAA
|
||
^^^^^^^^
|
||
|
||
PIL provides limited read support for IPTC/NAA newsphoto files.
|
||
|
||
MCIDAS
|
||
^^^^^^
|
||
|
||
PIL identifies and reads 8-bit McIdas area files.
|
||
|
||
MIC (read only)
|
||
|
||
PIL identifies and reads Microsoft Image Composer (MIC) files. When opened, the
|
||
first sprite in the file is loaded. You can use :py:meth:`~file.seek` and
|
||
:py:meth:`~file.tell` to read other sprites from the file.
|
||
|
||
PCD
|
||
^^^
|
||
|
||
PIL reads PhotoCD files containing ``RGB`` data. By default, the 768x512
|
||
resolution is read. You can use the :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.draft` method to
|
||
read the lower resolution versions instead, thus effectively resizing the image
|
||
to 384x256 or 192x128. Higher resolutions cannot be read by the Python Imaging
|
||
Library.
|
||
|
||
PSD
|
||
^^^
|
||
|
||
PIL identifies and reads PSD files written by Adobe Photoshop 2.5 and 3.0.
|
||
|
||
SGI
|
||
^^^
|
||
|
||
PIL reads uncompressed ``L``, ``RGB``, and ``RGBA`` files.
|
||
|
||
TGA
|
||
^^^
|
||
|
||
PIL reads 24- and 32-bit uncompressed and run-length encoded TGA files.
|
||
|
||
WAL
|
||
^^^
|
||
|
||
.. versionadded:: 1.1.4
|
||
|
||
PIL reads Quake2 WAL texture files.
|
||
|
||
Note that this file format cannot be automatically identified, so you must use
|
||
the open function in the :py:mod:`~PIL.WalImageFile` module to read files in
|
||
this format.
|
||
|
||
By default, a Quake2 standard palette is attached to the texture. To override
|
||
the palette, use the putpalette method.
|
||
|
||
XPM
|
||
^^^
|
||
|
||
PIL reads X pixmap files (mode ``P``) with 256 colors or less.
|
||
|
||
The :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.open` method sets the following
|
||
:py:attr:`~PIL.Image.Image.info` properties:
|
||
|
||
**transparency**
|
||
Transparency color index. This key is omitted if the image is not
|
||
transparent.
|
||
|
||
Write-only formats
|
||
------------------
|
||
|
||
PALM
|
||
^^^^
|
||
|
||
PIL provides write-only support for PALM pixmap files.
|
||
|
||
The format code is ``Palm``, the extension is ``.palm``.
|
||
|
||
PDF
|
||
^^^
|
||
|
||
PIL can write PDF (Acrobat) images. Such images are written as binary PDF 1.1
|
||
files, using either JPEG or HEX encoding depending on the image mode (and
|
||
whether JPEG support is available or not).
|
||
|
||
PIXAR (read only)
|
||
|
||
PIL provides limited support for PIXAR raster files. The library can identify
|
||
and read “dumped” RGB files.
|
||
|
||
The format code is ``PIXAR``.
|
||
|
||
Identify-only formats
|
||
---------------------
|
||
|
||
BUFR
|
||
^^^^
|
||
|
||
.. versionadded:: 1.1.3
|
||
|
||
PIL provides a stub driver for BUFR files.
|
||
|
||
To add read or write support to your application, use
|
||
:py:func:`PIL.BufrStubImagePlugin.register_handler`.
|
||
|
||
FITS
|
||
^^^^
|
||
|
||
.. versionadded:: 1.1.5
|
||
|
||
PIL provides a stub driver for FITS files.
|
||
|
||
To add read or write support to your application, use
|
||
:py:func:`PIL.FitsStubImagePlugin.register_handler`.
|
||
|
||
GRIB
|
||
^^^^
|
||
|
||
.. versionadded:: 1.1.5
|
||
|
||
PIL provides a stub driver for GRIB files.
|
||
|
||
The driver requires the file to start with a GRIB header. If you have files
|
||
with embedded GRIB data, or files with multiple GRIB fields, your application
|
||
has to seek to the header before passing the file handle to PIL.
|
||
|
||
To add read or write support to your application, use
|
||
:py:func:`PIL.GribStubImagePlugin.register_handler`.
|
||
|
||
HDF5
|
||
^^^^
|
||
|
||
.. versionadded:: 1.1.5
|
||
|
||
PIL provides a stub driver for HDF5 files.
|
||
|
||
To add read or write support to your application, use
|
||
:py:func:`PIL.Hdf5StubImagePlugin.register_handler`.
|
||
|
||
MPEG
|
||
^^^^
|
||
|
||
PIL identifies MPEG files.
|
||
|
||
WMF
|
||
^^^
|
||
|
||
PIL can identify placable WMF files.
|
||
|
||
In PIL 1.1.4 and earlier, the WMF driver provides some limited rendering
|
||
support, but not enough to be useful for any real application.
|
||
|
||
In PIL 1.1.5 and later, the WMF driver is a stub driver. To add WMF read or
|
||
write support to your application, use
|
||
:py:func:`PIL.WmfImagePlugin.register_handler` to register a WMF handler.
|
||
|
||
::
|
||
|
||
from PIL import Image
|
||
from PIL import WmfImagePlugin
|
||
|
||
class WmfHandler:
|
||
def open(self, im):
|
||
...
|
||
def load(self, im):
|
||
...
|
||
return image
|
||
def save(self, im, fp, filename):
|
||
...
|
||
|
||
wmf_handler = WmfHandler()
|
||
|
||
WmfImagePlugin.register_handler(wmf_handler)
|
||
|
||
im = Image.open("sample.wmf")
|