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418 lines
16 KiB
ReStructuredText
418 lines
16 KiB
ReStructuredText
.. _image-plugins:
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Writing Your Own Image Plugin
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=============================
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The Pillow uses a plug-in model which allows you to add your own
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decoders to the library, without any changes to the library
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itself. Such plug-ins usually have names like
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:file:`XxxImagePlugin.py`, where ``Xxx`` is a unique format name
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(usually an abbreviation).
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.. warning:: Pillow >= 2.1.0 no longer automatically imports any file
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in the Python path with a name ending in
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:file:`ImagePlugin.py`. You will need to import your
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image plugin manually.
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Pillow decodes files in 2 stages:
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1. It loops over the available image plugins in the loaded order, and
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calls the plugin's ``accept`` function with the first 16 bytes of
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the file. If the ``accept`` function returns true, the plugin's
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``_open`` method is called to set up the image metadata and image
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tiles. The ``_open`` method is not for decoding the actual image
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data.
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2. When the image data is requested, the ``ImageFile.load`` method is
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called, which sets up a decoder for each tile and feeds the data to
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it.
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An image plug-in should contain a format handler derived from the
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:py:class:`PIL.ImageFile.ImageFile` base class. This class should
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provide an :py:meth:`_open` method, which reads the file header and
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sets up at least the :py:attr:`~PIL.Image.Image.mode` and
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:py:attr:`~PIL.Image.Image.size` attributes. To be able to load the
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file, the method must also create a list of :py:attr:`tile`
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descriptors, which contain a decoder name, extents of the tile, and
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any decoder-specific data. The format handler class must be explicitly
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registered, via a call to the :py:mod:`~PIL.Image` module.
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.. note:: For performance reasons, it is important that the
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:py:meth:`_open` method quickly rejects files that do not have the
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appropriate contents.
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Example
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-------
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The following plug-in supports a simple format, which has a 128-byte header
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consisting of the words “SPAM” followed by the width, height, and pixel size in
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bits. The header fields are separated by spaces. The image data follows
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directly after the header, and can be either bi-level, greyscale, or 24-bit
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true color.
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**SpamImagePlugin.py**::
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from PIL import Image, ImageFile
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import string
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class SpamImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
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format = "SPAM"
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format_description = "Spam raster image"
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def _open(self):
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# check header
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header = self.fp.read(128)
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if header[:4] != "SPAM":
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raise SyntaxError, "not a SPAM file"
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header = string.split(header)
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# size in pixels (width, height)
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self.size = int(header[1]), int(header[2])
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# mode setting
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bits = int(header[3])
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if bits == 1:
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self.mode = "1"
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elif bits == 8:
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self.mode = "L"
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elif bits == 24:
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self.mode = "RGB"
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else:
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raise SyntaxError, "unknown number of bits"
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# data descriptor
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self.tile = [
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("raw", (0, 0) + self.size, 128, (self.mode, 0, 1))
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]
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Image.register_open(SpamImageFile.format, SpamImageFile)
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Image.register_extension(SpamImageFile.format, ".spam")
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Image.register_extension(SpamImageFile.format, ".spa") # dos version
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The format handler must always set the
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:py:attr:`~PIL.Image.Image.size` and :py:attr:`~PIL.Image.Image.mode`
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attributes. If these are not set, the file cannot be opened. To
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simplify the plugin, the calling code considers exceptions like
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:py:exc:`SyntaxError`, :py:exc:`KeyError`, :py:exc:`IndexError`,
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:py:exc:`EOFError` and :py:exc:`struct.error` as a failure to identify
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the file.
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Note that the image plugin must be explicitly registered using
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:py:func:`PIL.Image.register_open`. Although not required, it is also a good
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idea to register any extensions used by this format.
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The :py:attr:`tile` attribute
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-----------------------------
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To be able to read the file as well as just identifying it, the :py:attr:`tile`
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attribute must also be set. This attribute consists of a list of tile
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descriptors, where each descriptor specifies how data should be loaded to a
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given region in the image. In most cases, only a single descriptor is used,
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covering the full image.
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The tile descriptor is a 4-tuple with the following contents::
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(decoder, region, offset, parameters)
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The fields are used as follows:
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**decoder**
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Specifies which decoder to use. The ``raw`` decoder used here supports
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uncompressed data, in a variety of pixel formats. For more information on
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this decoder, see the description below.
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**region**
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A 4-tuple specifying where to store data in the image.
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**offset**
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Byte offset from the beginning of the file to image data.
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**parameters**
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Parameters to the decoder. The contents of this field depends on the
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decoder specified by the first field in the tile descriptor tuple. If the
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decoder doesn’t need any parameters, use None for this field.
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Note that the :py:attr:`tile` attribute contains a list of tile descriptors,
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not just a single descriptor.
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Decoders
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========
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The raw decoder
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---------------
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The ``raw`` decoder is used to read uncompressed data from an image file. It
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can be used with most uncompressed file formats, such as PPM, BMP, uncompressed
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TIFF, and many others. To use the raw decoder with the
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:py:func:`PIL.Image.frombytes` function, use the following syntax::
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image = Image.frombytes(
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mode, size, data, "raw",
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raw mode, stride, orientation
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)
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When used in a tile descriptor, the parameter field should look like::
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(raw mode, stride, orientation)
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The fields are used as follows:
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**raw mode**
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The pixel layout used in the file, and is used to properly convert data to
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PIL’s internal layout. For a summary of the available formats, see the
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table below.
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**stride**
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The distance in bytes between two consecutive lines in the image. If 0, the
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image is assumed to be packed (no padding between lines). If omitted, the
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stride defaults to 0.
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**orientation**
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Whether the first line in the image is the top line on the screen (1), or
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the bottom line (-1). If omitted, the orientation defaults to 1.
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The **raw mode** field is used to determine how the data should be unpacked to
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match PIL’s internal pixel layout. PIL supports a large set of raw modes; for a
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complete list, see the table in the :py:mod:`Unpack.c` module. The following
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table describes some commonly used **raw modes**:
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+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
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| mode | description |
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+===========+=================================================================+
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| ``1`` | 1-bit bilevel, stored with the leftmost pixel in the most |
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| | significant bit. 0 means black, 1 means white. |
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+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
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| ``1;I`` | 1-bit inverted bilevel, stored with the leftmost pixel in the |
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| | most significant bit. 0 means white, 1 means black. |
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+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
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| ``1;R`` | 1-bit reversed bilevel, stored with the leftmost pixel in the |
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| | least significant bit. 0 means black, 1 means white. |
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+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
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| ``L`` | 8-bit greyscale. 0 means black, 255 means white. |
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+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
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| ``L;I`` | 8-bit inverted greyscale. 0 means white, 255 means black. |
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+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
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| ``P`` | 8-bit palette-mapped image. |
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+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
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| ``RGB`` | 24-bit true colour, stored as (red, green, blue). |
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+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
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| ``BGR`` | 24-bit true colour, stored as (blue, green, red). |
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+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
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| ``RGBX`` | 24-bit true colour, stored as (red, green, blue, pad). |
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+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
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| ``RGB;L`` | 24-bit true colour, line interleaved (first all red pixels, the |
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| | all green pixels, finally all blue pixels). |
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+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
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Note that for the most common cases, the raw mode is simply the same as the mode.
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The Python Imaging Library supports many other decoders, including JPEG, PNG,
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and PackBits. For details, see the :file:`decode.c` source file, and the
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standard plug-in implementations provided with the library.
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Decoding floating point data
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----------------------------
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PIL provides some special mechanisms to allow you to load a wide variety of
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formats into a mode ``F`` (floating point) image memory.
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You can use the ``raw`` decoder to read images where data is packed in any
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standard machine data type, using one of the following raw modes:
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============ =======================================
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mode description
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============ =======================================
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``F`` 32-bit native floating point.
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``F;8`` 8-bit unsigned integer.
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``F;8S`` 8-bit signed integer.
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``F;16`` 16-bit little endian unsigned integer.
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``F;16S`` 16-bit little endian signed integer.
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``F;16B`` 16-bit big endian unsigned integer.
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``F;16BS`` 16-bit big endian signed integer.
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``F;16N`` 16-bit native unsigned integer.
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``F;16NS`` 16-bit native signed integer.
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``F;32`` 32-bit little endian unsigned integer.
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``F;32S`` 32-bit little endian signed integer.
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``F;32B`` 32-bit big endian unsigned integer.
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``F;32BS`` 32-bit big endian signed integer.
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``F;32N`` 32-bit native unsigned integer.
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``F;32NS`` 32-bit native signed integer.
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``F;32F`` 32-bit little endian floating point.
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``F;32BF`` 32-bit big endian floating point.
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``F;32NF`` 32-bit native floating point.
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``F;64F`` 64-bit little endian floating point.
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``F;64BF`` 64-bit big endian floating point.
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``F;64NF`` 64-bit native floating point.
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============ =======================================
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The bit decoder
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---------------
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If the raw decoder cannot handle your format, PIL also provides a special “bit”
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decoder that can be used to read various packed formats into a floating point
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image memory.
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To use the bit decoder with the frombytes function, use the following syntax::
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image = frombytes(
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mode, size, data, "bit",
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bits, pad, fill, sign, orientation
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)
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When used in a tile descriptor, the parameter field should look like::
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(bits, pad, fill, sign, orientation)
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The fields are used as follows:
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**bits**
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Number of bits per pixel (2-32). No default.
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**pad**
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Padding between lines, in bits. This is either 0 if there is no padding, or
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8 if lines are padded to full bytes. If omitted, the pad value defaults to
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8.
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**fill**
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Controls how data are added to, and stored from, the decoder bit buffer.
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**fill=0**
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Add bytes to the LSB end of the decoder buffer; store pixels from the MSB
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end.
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**fill=1**
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Add bytes to the MSB end of the decoder buffer; store pixels from the MSB
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end.
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**fill=2**
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Add bytes to the LSB end of the decoder buffer; store pixels from the LSB
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end.
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**fill=3**
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Add bytes to the MSB end of the decoder buffer; store pixels from the LSB
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end.
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If omitted, the fill order defaults to 0.
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**sign**
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If non-zero, bit fields are sign extended. If zero or omitted, bit fields
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are unsigned.
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**orientation**
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Whether the first line in the image is the top line on the screen (1), or
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the bottom line (-1). If omitted, the orientation defaults to 1.
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.. _file-decoders:
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Writing Your Own File Decoder in C
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==================================
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There are 3 stages in a file decoder's lifetime:
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1. Setup: Pillow looks for a function in the decoder registry, falling
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back to a function named ``[decodername]_decoder`` on the internal
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core image object. That function is called with the ``args`` tuple
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from the ``tile`` setup in the ``_open`` method.
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2. Decoding: The decoder's decode function is repeatedly called with
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chunks of image data.
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3. Cleanup: If the decoder has registered a cleanup function, it will
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be called at the end of the decoding process, even if there was an
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exception raised.
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Setup
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-----
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The current conventions are that the decoder setup function is named
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``PyImaging_[Decodername]DecoderNew`` and defined in ``decode.c``. The
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python binding for it is named ``[decodername]_decoder`` and is setup
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from within the ``_imaging.c`` file in the codecs section of the
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function array.
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The setup function needs to call ``PyImaging_DecoderNew`` and at the
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very least, set the ``decode`` function pointer. The fields of
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interest in this object are:
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**decode**
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Function pointer to the decode function, which has access to
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``im``, ``state``, and the buffer of data to be added to the image.
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**cleanup**
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Function pointer to the cleanup function, has access to ``state``.
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**im**
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The target image, will be set by Pillow.
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**state**
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An ImagingCodecStateInstance, will be set by Pillow. The **context**
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member is an opaque struct that can be used by the decoder to store
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any format specific state or options.
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**pulls_fd**
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**EXPERIMENTAL** -- **WARNING**, interface may change. If set to 1,
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``state->fd`` will be a pointer to the Python file like object. The
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decoder may use the functions in ``codec_fd.c`` to read directly
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from the file like object rather than have the data pushed through a
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buffer. Note that this implementation may be refactored until this
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warning is removed.
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.. versionadded:: 3.3.0
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Decoding
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--------
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The decode function is called with the target (core) image, the
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decoder state structure, and a buffer of data to be decoded.
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**Experimental** -- If ``pulls_fd`` is set, then the decode function
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is called once, with an empty buffer. It is the decoder's
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responsibility to decode the entire tile in that one call. The rest of
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this section only applies if ``pulls_fd`` is not set.
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It is the decoder's responsibility to pull as much data as possible
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out of the buffer and return the number of bytes consumed. The next
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call to the decoder will include the previous unconsumed tail. The
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decoder function will be called multiple times as the data is read
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from the file like object.
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If an error occurs, set ``state->errcode`` and return -1.
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Return -1 on success, without setting the errcode.
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Cleanup
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-------
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The cleanup function is called after the decoder returns a negative
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value, or if there is a read error from the file. This function should
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free any allocated memory and release any resources from external
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libraries.
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.. _file-decoders-py:
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Writing Your Own File Decoder in Python
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=======================================
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Python file decoders should derive from
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:py:class:`PIL.ImageFile.PyDecoder` and should at least override the
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decode method. File decoders should be registered using
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:py:meth:`PIL.Image.register_decoder`. As in the C implementation of
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the file decoders, there are three stages in the lifetime of a
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Python-based file decoder:
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1. Setup: Pillow looks for the decoder in the registry, then
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instantiates the class.
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2. Decoding: The decoder instance's ``decode`` method is repeatedly
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called with a buffer of data to be interpreted.
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3. Cleanup: The decoder instance's ``cleanup`` method is called.
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