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Updated sqlmap user's manual (markdown)

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# Download and update
sqlmap can be downloaded from its (http://sourceforge.net/projects/sqlmap/files/ "SourceForge File List page). It is available in two formats:
* (http://downloads.sourceforge.net/sqlmap/sqlmap-0.9.tar.gz"
name="Source gzip compressed).
* (http://downloads.sourceforge.net/sqlmap/sqlmap-0.9.zip"
name="Source zip compressed).
sqlmap can be downloaded from its [SourceForge File List page](http://sourceforge.net/projects/sqlmap/files/). It is available in two formats:
* [Source gzip compressed](http://downloads.sourceforge.net/sqlmap/sqlmap-0.9.tar.gz)
* [Source zip compressed](http://downloads.sourceforge.net/sqlmap/sqlmap-0.9.zip)
You can also checkout the latest development version from the (https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap "git)
You can also checkout the latest development version from the [Git](https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap)
repository:
```$ git clone https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap.git sqlmap-dev```
You can update it at any time to the latest development version by running:
```$ python sqlmap.py --update```
Or:
```$ git pull```
This is strongly recommended **before** reporting any bug to the [mailing list](http://www.sqlmap.org/#ml).
# Usage
$ python sqlmap.py -h
sqlmap/1.0-dev - automatic SQL injection and database takeover tool
http://www.sqlmap.org
[!] legal disclaimer: usage of sqlmap for attacking targets without prior mutual consent is illegal. It is the end user's responsibility to obey all applicable local, state and federal laws. Authors assume no liability and are not responsible for any misuse or damage caused by this program
Usage: python sqlmap.py [options]
Options:
--version show program's version number and exit
-h, --help show this help message and exit
-v VERBOSE Verbosity level: 0-6 (default 1)
Target:
At least one of these options has to be specified to set the source to get target urls from
-d DIRECT Direct connection to the database
-u URL, --url=URL Target url
-l LOGFILE Parse targets from Burp or WebScarab proxy logs
-m BULKFILE Scan multiple targets enlisted in a given textual file
-r REQUESTFILE Load HTTP request from a file
-g GOOGLEDORK Process Google dork results as target urls
-c CONFIGFILE Load options from a configuration INI file
Request:
These options can be used to specify how to connect to the target url
--data=DATA Data string to be sent through POST
--param-del=PDEL Character used for splitting parameter values
--cookie=COOKIE HTTP Cookie header
--load-cookies=LOC File containing cookies in Netscape/wget format
--cookie-urlencode URL Encode generated cookie injections
--drop-set-cookie Ignore Set-Cookie header from response
--user-agent=AGENT HTTP User-Agent header
--random-agent Use randomly selected HTTP User-Agent header
--randomize=RPARAM Randomly change value for given parameter(s)
--force-ssl Force usage of SSL/HTTPS requests
--host=HOST HTTP Host header
--referer=REFERER HTTP Referer header
--headers=HEADERS Extra headers (e.g. "Accept-Language: fr\nETag: 123")
--auth-type=ATYPE HTTP authentication type (Basic, Digest or NTLM)
--auth-cred=ACRED HTTP authentication credentials (name:password)
--auth-cert=ACERT HTTP authentication certificate (key_file,cert_file)
--proxy=PROXY Use a HTTP proxy to connect to the target url
--proxy-cred=PCRED HTTP proxy authentication credentials (name:password)
--ignore-proxy Ignore system default HTTP proxy
--delay=DELAY Delay in seconds between each HTTP request
--timeout=TIMEOUT Seconds to wait before timeout connection (default 30)
--retries=RETRIES Retries when the connection timeouts (default 3)
--scope=SCOPE Regexp to filter targets from provided proxy log
--safe-url=SAFURL Url address to visit frequently during testing
--safe-freq=SAFREQ Test requests between two visits to a given safe url
--skip-urlencode Skip URL encoding of POST data
--eval=EVALCODE Evaluate provided Python code before the request (e.g. "import hashlib;id2=hashlib.md5(id).hexdigest()")
Optimization:
These options can be used to optimize the performance of sqlmap
-o Turn on all optimization switches
--predict-output Predict common queries output
--keep-alive Use persistent HTTP(s) connections
--null-connection Retrieve page length without actual HTTP response body
--threads=THREADS Max number of concurrent HTTP(s) requests (default 1)
Injection:
These options can be used to specify which parameters to test for, provide custom injection payloads and optional tampering scripts
-p TESTPARAMETER Testable parameter(s)
--dbms=DBMS Force back-end DBMS to this value
--os=OS Force back-end DBMS operating system to this value
--invalid-bignum Use big numbers for invalidating values
--invalid-logical Use logical operations for invalidating values
--no-cast Turn off payload casting mechanism
--prefix=PREFIX Injection payload prefix string
--suffix=SUFFIX Injection payload suffix string
--skip=SKIP Skip testing for given parameter(s)
--tamper=TAMPER Use given script(s) for tampering injection data
Detection:
These options can be used to specify how to parse and compare page content from HTTP responses when using blind SQL injection technique
--level=LEVEL Level of tests to perform (1-5, default 1)
--risk=RISK Risk of tests to perform (0-3, default 1)
--string=STRING String to match in the response when query is valid
--regexp=REGEXP Regexp to match in the response when query is valid
--code=CODE HTTP response code to match when the query is valid
--text-only Compare pages based only on the textual content
--titles Compare pages based only on their titles
Techniques:
These options can be used to tweak testing of specific SQL injection techniques
--technique=TECH SQL injection techniques to test for (default "BEUST")
--time-sec=TIMESEC Seconds to delay the DBMS response (default 5)
--union-cols=UCOLS Range of columns to test for UNION query SQL injection
--union-char=UCHAR Character to use for bruteforcing number of columns
--dns-domain=DNAME Domain name used for DNS exfiltration attack
Fingerprint:
-f, --fingerprint Perform an extensive DBMS version fingerprint
Enumeration:
These options can be used to enumerate the back-end database management system information, structure and data contained in the tables. Moreover you can run your own SQL statements
-b, --banner Retrieve DBMS banner
--current-user Retrieve DBMS current user
--current-db Retrieve DBMS current database
--is-dba Detect if the DBMS current user is DBA
--users Enumerate DBMS users
--passwords Enumerate DBMS users password hashes
--privileges Enumerate DBMS users privileges
--roles Enumerate DBMS users roles
--dbs Enumerate DBMS databases
--tables Enumerate DBMS database tables
--columns Enumerate DBMS database table columns
--schema Enumerate DBMS schema
--count Retrieve number of entries for table(s)
--dump Dump DBMS database table entries
--dump-all Dump all DBMS databases tables entries
--search Search column(s), table(s) and/or database name(s)
-D DB DBMS database to enumerate
-T TBL DBMS database table to enumerate
-C COL DBMS database table column to enumerate
-U USER DBMS user to enumerate
--exclude-sysdbs Exclude DBMS system databases when enumerating tables
--start=LIMITSTART First query output entry to retrieve
--stop=LIMITSTOP Last query output entry to retrieve
--first=FIRSTCHAR First query output word character to retrieve
--last=LASTCHAR Last query output word character to retrieve
--sql-query=QUERY SQL statement to be executed
--sql-shell Prompt for an interactive SQL shell
Brute force:
These options can be used to run brute force checks
--common-tables Check existence of common tables
--common-columns Check existence of common columns
User-defined function injection:
These options can be used to create custom user-defined functions
--udf-inject Inject custom user-defined functions
--shared-lib=SHLIB Local path of the shared library
File system access:
These options can be used to access the back-end database management system underlying file system
--file-read=RFILE Read a file from the back-end DBMS file system
--file-write=WFILE Write a local file on the back-end DBMS file system
--file-dest=DFILE Back-end DBMS absolute filepath to write to
Operating system access:
These options can be used to access the back-end database management system underlying operating system
--os-cmd=OSCMD Execute an operating system command
--os-shell Prompt for an interactive operating system shell
--os-pwn Prompt for an out-of-band shell, meterpreter or VNC
--os-smbrelay One click prompt for an OOB shell, meterpreter or VNC
--os-bof Stored procedure buffer overflow exploitation
--priv-esc Database process' user privilege escalation
--msf-path=MSFPATH Local path where Metasploit Framework is installed
--tmp-path=TMPPATH Remote absolute path of temporary files directory
Windows registry access:
These options can be used to access the back-end database management system Windows registry
--reg-read Read a Windows registry key value
--reg-add Write a Windows registry key value data
--reg-del Delete a Windows registry key value
--reg-key=REGKEY Windows registry key
--reg-value=REGVAL Windows registry key value
--reg-data=REGDATA Windows registry key value data
--reg-type=REGTYPE Windows registry key value type
General:
These options can be used to set some general working parameters
-t TRAFFICFILE Log all HTTP traffic into a textual file
--batch Never ask for user input, use the default behaviour
--charset=CHARSET Force character encoding used for data retrieval
--check-tor Check to see if Tor is used properly
--crawl=CRAWLDEPTH Crawl the website starting from the target url
--csv-del=CSVDEL Delimiting character used in CSV output (default ",")
--eta Display for each output the estimated time of arrival
--flush-session Flush session file for current target
--forms Parse and test forms on target url
--fresh-queries Ignores query results stored in session file
--hex Uses DBMS hex function(s) for data retrieval
--parse-errors Parse and display DBMS error messages from responses
--replicate Replicate dumped data into a sqlite3 database
--save Save options to a configuration INI file
--tor Use Tor anonymity network
--tor-port=TORPORT Set Tor proxy port other than default
--tor-type=TORTYPE Set Tor proxy type (HTTP - default, SOCKS4 or SOCKS5)
--update Update sqlmap
Miscellaneous:
-z MNEMONICS Use short mnemonics (e.g. "flu,bat,ban,tec=EU")
--beep Sound alert when SQL injection found
--check-payload Offline WAF/IPS/IDS payload detection testing
--check-waf Check for existence of WAF/IPS/IDS protection
--cleanup Clean up the DBMS by sqlmap specific UDF and tables
--dependencies Check for missing sqlmap dependencies
--disable-hash Disable password hash cracking mechanism
--disable-like Disable LIKE search of identificator names
--gpage=GOOGLEPAGE Use Google dork results from specified page number
--mobile Imitate smartphone through HTTP User-Agent header
--page-rank Display page rank (PR) for Google dork results
--purge-output Safely remove all content from output directory
--smart Conduct through tests only if positive heuristic(s)
--test-filter=TSTF Select tests by payloads and/or titles (e.g. ROW)
--wizard Simple wizard interface for beginner users
## Output verbosity
Switch: `-v`
This switch can be used to set the verbosity level of output messages. There exist **seven** levels of verbosity. The default level is **1** in which information, warning, error and critical messages and Python tracebacks (if any occur) will be displayed.
* **0**: Show only Python tracebacks, error and critical messages.
* **1**: Show also information and warning messages.
* **2**: Show also debug messages.
* **3**: Show also payloads injected.
* **4**: Show also HTTP requests.
* **5**: Show also HTTP responses' headers.
* **6**: Show also HTTP responses' page content.
A reasonable level of verbosity to further understand what sqlmap does under the hood is level **2**, primarily for the detection phase and the take-over functionalities. Whereas if you want to see the SQL payloads the tools sends, level **3** is your best choice. In order to further debug potential bugs or unexpected behaviours, we recommend you to set the verbosity to level **4** or above. This level is recommended to be used when you feed the developers with a bug report too.
## Target
At least one of these options has to be provided.
### Target URL
Switch: `-u` or `--url`
Run sqlmap against a single target URL. This switch requires an argument which is the target URL in the form `http(s)://targeturl[:port]/[...]`.
### Parse targets from Burp or WebScarab proxy logs
Switch: `-l`
Rather than providing a single target URL, it is possible to test and inject against HTTP requests proxied through [Burp proxy](http://portswigger.net/suite/) or
[WebScarab proxy](http://www.owasp.org/index.php/Category:OWASP_WebScarab_Project). This switch requires an argument which is the proxy's HTTP requests log file.
### Load HTTP request from a file
Switch: `-r`
One of the possibilities of sqlmap is loading of complete HTTP request from a textual file. That way you can skip usage of bunch of other options (e.g. setting of cookies, POSTed data, etc).
Sample content of a HTTP request file provided as argument to this switch:
```
$ python sqlmap.py -h
POST /sqlmap/mysql/post_int.php HTTP/1.1
Host: 192.168.136.131
User-Agent: Mozilla/4.0
sqlmap/1.0-dev - automatic SQL injection and database takeover tool
http://www.sqlmap.org
[!] legal disclaimer: usage of sqlmap for attacking targets without prior mutual consent is illegal. It is the end user's responsibility to obey all applicable local, state and federal laws. Authors assume no liability and are not responsible for any misuse or damage caused by this program
[*] starting at 16:38:25
Usage: python sqlmap.py [options]
Options:
--version show program's version number and exit
-h, --help show this help message and exit
-v VERBOSE Verbosity level: 0-6 (default 1)
Target:
At least one of these options has to be specified to set the source to get target urls from
-d DIRECT Direct connection to the database
-u URL, --url=URL Target url
-l LOGFILE Parse targets from Burp or WebScarab proxy logs
-m BULKFILE Scan multiple targets enlisted in a given textual file
-r REQUESTFILE Load HTTP request from a file
-g GOOGLEDORK Process Google dork results as target urls
-c CONFIGFILE Load options from a configuration INI file
Request:
These options can be used to specify how to connect to the target url
--data=DATA Data string to be sent through POST
--param-del=PDEL Character used for splitting parameter values
--cookie=COOKIE HTTP Cookie header
--load-cookies=LOC File containing cookies in Netscape/wget format
--cookie-urlencode URL Encode generated cookie injections
--drop-set-cookie Ignore Set-Cookie header from response
--user-agent=AGENT HTTP User-Agent header
--random-agent Use randomly selected HTTP User-Agent header
--randomize=RPARAM Randomly change value for given parameter(s)
--force-ssl Force usage of SSL/HTTPS requests
--host=HOST HTTP Host header
--referer=REFERER HTTP Referer header
--headers=HEADERS Extra headers (e.g. "Accept-Language: fr\nETag: 123")
--auth-type=ATYPE HTTP authentication type (Basic, Digest or NTLM)
--auth-cred=ACRED HTTP authentication credentials (name:password)
--auth-cert=ACERT HTTP authentication certificate (key_file,cert_file)
--proxy=PROXY Use a HTTP proxy to connect to the target url
--proxy-cred=PCRED HTTP proxy authentication credentials (name:password)
--ignore-proxy Ignore system default HTTP proxy
--delay=DELAY Delay in seconds between each HTTP request
--timeout=TIMEOUT Seconds to wait before timeout connection (default 30)
--retries=RETRIES Retries when the connection timeouts (default 3)
--scope=SCOPE Regexp to filter targets from provided proxy log
--safe-url=SAFURL Url address to visit frequently during testing
--safe-freq=SAFREQ Test requests between two visits to a given safe url
--skip-urlencode Skip URL encoding of POST data
--eval=EVALCODE Evaluate provided Python code before the request (e.g. "import hashlib;id2=hashlib.md5(id).hexdigest()")
Optimization:
These options can be used to optimize the performance of sqlmap
-o Turn on all optimization switches
--predict-output Predict common queries output
--keep-alive Use persistent HTTP(s) connections
--null-connection Retrieve page length without actual HTTP response body
--threads=THREADS Max number of concurrent HTTP(s) requests (default 1)
Injection:
These options can be used to specify which parameters to test for, provide custom injection payloads and optional tampering scripts
-p TESTPARAMETER Testable parameter(s)
--dbms=DBMS Force back-end DBMS to this value
--os=OS Force back-end DBMS operating system to this value
--invalid-bignum Use big numbers for invalidating values
--invalid-logical Use logical operations for invalidating values
--no-cast Turn off payload casting mechanism
--prefix=PREFIX Injection payload prefix string
--suffix=SUFFIX Injection payload suffix string
--skip=SKIP Skip testing for given parameter(s)
--tamper=TAMPER Use given script(s) for tampering injection data
Detection:
These options can be used to specify how to parse and compare page content from HTTP responses when using blind SQL injection technique
--level=LEVEL Level of tests to perform (1-5, default 1)
--risk=RISK Risk of tests to perform (0-3, default 1)
--string=STRING String to match in the response when query is valid
--regexp=REGEXP Regexp to match in the response when query is valid
--code=CODE HTTP response code to match when the query is valid
--text-only Compare pages based only on the textual content
--titles Compare pages based only on their titles
Techniques:
These options can be used to tweak testing of specific SQL injection techniques
--technique=TECH SQL injection techniques to test for (default "BEUST")
--time-sec=TIMESEC Seconds to delay the DBMS response (default 5)
--union-cols=UCOLS Range of columns to test for UNION query SQL injection
--union-char=UCHAR Character to use for bruteforcing number of columns
--dns-domain=DNAME Domain name used for DNS exfiltration attack
Fingerprint:
-f, --fingerprint Perform an extensive DBMS version fingerprint
Enumeration:
These options can be used to enumerate the back-end database management system information, structure and data contained in the tables. Moreover you can run your own SQL statements
-b, --banner Retrieve DBMS banner
--current-user Retrieve DBMS current user
--current-db Retrieve DBMS current database
--is-dba Detect if the DBMS current user is DBA
--users Enumerate DBMS users
--passwords Enumerate DBMS users password hashes
--privileges Enumerate DBMS users privileges
--roles Enumerate DBMS users roles
--dbs Enumerate DBMS databases
--tables Enumerate DBMS database tables
--columns Enumerate DBMS database table columns
--schema Enumerate DBMS schema
--count Retrieve number of entries for table(s)
--dump Dump DBMS database table entries
--dump-all Dump all DBMS databases tables entries
--search Search column(s), table(s) and/or database name(s)
-D DB DBMS database to enumerate
-T TBL DBMS database table to enumerate
-C COL DBMS database table column to enumerate
-U USER DBMS user to enumerate
--exclude-sysdbs Exclude DBMS system databases when enumerating tables
--start=LIMITSTART First query output entry to retrieve
--stop=LIMITSTOP Last query output entry to retrieve
--first=FIRSTCHAR First query output word character to retrieve
--last=LASTCHAR Last query output word character to retrieve
--sql-query=QUERY SQL statement to be executed
--sql-shell Prompt for an interactive SQL shell
Brute force:
These options can be used to run brute force checks
--common-tables Check existence of common tables
--common-columns Check existence of common columns
User-defined function injection:
These options can be used to create custom user-defined functions
--udf-inject Inject custom user-defined functions
--shared-lib=SHLIB Local path of the shared library
File system access:
These options can be used to access the back-end database management system underlying file system
--file-read=RFILE Read a file from the back-end DBMS file system
--file-write=WFILE Write a local file on the back-end DBMS file system
--file-dest=DFILE Back-end DBMS absolute filepath to write to
Operating system access:
These options can be used to access the back-end database management system underlying operating system
--os-cmd=OSCMD Execute an operating system command
--os-shell Prompt for an interactive operating system shell
--os-pwn Prompt for an out-of-band shell, meterpreter or VNC
--os-smbrelay One click prompt for an OOB shell, meterpreter or VNC
--os-bof Stored procedure buffer overflow exploitation
--priv-esc Database process' user privilege escalation
--msf-path=MSFPATH Local path where Metasploit Framework is installed
--tmp-path=TMPPATH Remote absolute path of temporary files directory
Windows registry access:
These options can be used to access the back-end database management system Windows registry
--reg-read Read a Windows registry key value
--reg-add Write a Windows registry key value data
--reg-del Delete a Windows registry key value
--reg-key=REGKEY Windows registry key
--reg-value=REGVAL Windows registry key value
--reg-data=REGDATA Windows registry key value data
--reg-type=REGTYPE Windows registry key value type
General:
These options can be used to set some general working parameters
-t TRAFFICFILE Log all HTTP traffic into a textual file
--batch Never ask for user input, use the default behaviour
--charset=CHARSET Force character encoding used for data retrieval
--check-tor Check to see if Tor is used properly
--crawl=CRAWLDEPTH Crawl the website starting from the target url
--csv-del=CSVDEL Delimiting character used in CSV output (default ",")
--eta Display for each output the estimated time of arrival
--flush-session Flush session file for current target
--forms Parse and test forms on target url
--fresh-queries Ignores query results stored in session file
--hex Uses DBMS hex function(s) for data retrieval
--parse-errors Parse and display DBMS error messages from responses
--replicate Replicate dumped data into a sqlite3 database
--save Save options to a configuration INI file
--tor Use Tor anonymity network
--tor-port=TORPORT Set Tor proxy port other than default
--tor-type=TORTYPE Set Tor proxy type (HTTP - default, SOCKS4 or SOCKS5)
--update Update sqlmap
Miscellaneous:
-z MNEMONICS Use short mnemonics (e.g. "flu,bat,ban,tec=EU")
--beep Sound alert when SQL injection found
--check-payload Offline WAF/IPS/IDS payload detection testing
--check-waf Check for existence of WAF/IPS/IDS protection
--cleanup Clean up the DBMS by sqlmap specific UDF and tables
--dependencies Check for missing sqlmap dependencies
--disable-hash Disable password hash cracking mechanism
--disable-like Disable LIKE search of identificator names
--gpage=GOOGLEPAGE Use Google dork results from specified page number
--mobile Imitate smartphone through HTTP User-Agent header
--page-rank Display page rank (PR) for Google dork results
--purge-output Safely remove all content from output directory
--smart Conduct through tests only if positive heuristic(s)
--test-filter=TSTF Select tests by payloads and/or titles (e.g. ROW)
--wizard Simple wizard interface for beginner users
id=1
```
### Process Google dork results as target addresses
Switch: `-g`
It is also possible to test and inject on `GET` parameters on the results of your Google dork.
This option makes sqlmap negotiate with the search engine its session cookie to be able to perform a search, then sqlmap will retrieve Google first 100 results for the Google dork expression with `GET` parameters asking you if you want to test and inject on each possible affected URL.
### Load options from a configuration INI file
Switch: `-c`
It is possible to pass user's options from a configuration INI file, an example is `sqlmap.conf`.
Note that if you also provide other options from command line, those are evaluated when running sqlmap and overwrite those provided in the configuration file.
## Request
These options can be used to specify how to connect to the target url.
### HTTP data
Option: `--data`
By default the HTTP method used to perform HTTP requests is `GET`, but you can implicitly change it to `POST` by providing the data to be sent in the `POST` requests. Such data, being those parameters, are tested for SQL injection as well as any provided `GET` parameters.
### HTTP `Cookie` header
Switches: `--cookie`, `--drop-set-cookie` and `--cookie-urlencode`
This feature can be useful in two ways:
* The web application requires authentication based upon cookies and you have such data.
* You want to detect and exploit SQL injection on such header values.
Either reason brings you to need to send cookies with sqlmap requests, the steps to go through are the following:
* Login to the application with your favourite browser.
* Get the HTTP Cookie from the browser's preferences or from the HTTP proxy screen and copy to the clipboard.
* Go back to your shell and run sqlmap by pasting your clipboard as the argument of the `--cookie` switch.
Note that the HTTP `Cookie` header values are usually separated by a `;` character, **not** by an `&`. sqlmap can recognize these as separate sets of `parameter=value` too, as well as GET and POST parameters.
If at any time during the communication, the web application responds with `Set-Cookie` headers, sqlmap will automatically use its value in all further HTTP requests as the `Cookie` header. sqlmap will also automatically test those values for SQL injection. This can be avoided by providing the switch `--drop-set-cookie` - sqlmap will ignore any coming `Set-Cookie` header.
Vice versa, if you provide a HTTP `Cookie` header with `--cookie` switch and the target URL sends an HTTP
`Set-Cookie` header at any time, sqlmap will ask you which set of cookies to use for the following HTTP requests.
sqlmap by default does **not** URL-encode generated cookie payloads, but you can force it by using the `--cookie-urlencode` switch. Cookie content encoding is not declared by HTTP protocol standard in any way, so it is solely the matter of web application's behaviour.
Note that also the HTTP `Cookie` header is tested against SQL injection if the `--level` is set to **2** or above. Read below for details.
### HTTP `User-Agent` header
[TODO]