#!/usr/bin/env python
"""
Copyright (c) 2006-2016 sqlmap developers (http://sqlmap.org/)
See the file 'doc/COPYING' for copying permission
"""
import binascii
import compiler
import httplib
import json
import keyword
import logging
import re
import socket
import string
import struct
import time
import traceback
import urllib2
import urlparse
try:
import websocket
from websocket import WebSocketException
except ImportError:
class WebSocketException(Exception):
pass
from extra.safe2bin.safe2bin import safecharencode
from lib.core.agent import agent
from lib.core.common import asciifyUrl
from lib.core.common import calculateDeltaSeconds
from lib.core.common import clearConsoleLine
from lib.core.common import dataToStdout
from lib.core.common import evaluateCode
from lib.core.common import extractRegexResult
from lib.core.common import findMultipartPostBoundary
from lib.core.common import getCurrentThreadData
from lib.core.common import getHeader
from lib.core.common import getHostHeader
from lib.core.common import getRequestHeader
from lib.core.common import getSafeExString
from lib.core.common import getUnicode
from lib.core.common import logHTTPTraffic
from lib.core.common import pushValue
from lib.core.common import popValue
from lib.core.common import randomizeParameterValue
from lib.core.common import randomInt
from lib.core.common import randomStr
from lib.core.common import readInput
from lib.core.common import removeReflectiveValues
from lib.core.common import singleTimeLogMessage
from lib.core.common import singleTimeWarnMessage
from lib.core.common import stdev
from lib.core.common import wasLastResponseDelayed
from lib.core.common import unicodeencode
from lib.core.common import urldecode
from lib.core.common import urlencode
from lib.core.data import conf
from lib.core.data import kb
from lib.core.data import logger
from lib.core.dicts import POST_HINT_CONTENT_TYPES
from lib.core.enums import ADJUST_TIME_DELAY
from lib.core.enums import AUTH_TYPE
from lib.core.enums import CUSTOM_LOGGING
from lib.core.enums import HTTP_HEADER
from lib.core.enums import HTTPMETHOD
from lib.core.enums import NULLCONNECTION
from lib.core.enums import PAYLOAD
from lib.core.enums import PLACE
from lib.core.enums import POST_HINT
from lib.core.enums import REDIRECTION
from lib.core.enums import WEB_API
from lib.core.exception import SqlmapCompressionException
from lib.core.exception import SqlmapConnectionException
from lib.core.exception import SqlmapGenericException
from lib.core.exception import SqlmapSyntaxException
from lib.core.exception import SqlmapTokenException
from lib.core.exception import SqlmapValueException
from lib.core.settings import ASTERISK_MARKER
from lib.core.settings import BOUNDARY_BACKSLASH_MARKER
from lib.core.settings import CUSTOM_INJECTION_MARK_CHAR
from lib.core.settings import DEFAULT_CONTENT_TYPE
from lib.core.settings import DEFAULT_COOKIE_DELIMITER
from lib.core.settings import DEFAULT_GET_POST_DELIMITER
from lib.core.settings import EVALCODE_KEYWORD_SUFFIX
from lib.core.settings import HTTP_ACCEPT_HEADER_VALUE
from lib.core.settings import HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING_HEADER_VALUE
from lib.core.settings import MAX_CONNECTION_CHUNK_SIZE
from lib.core.settings import MAX_CONNECTIONS_REGEX
from lib.core.settings import MAX_CONNECTION_TOTAL_SIZE
from lib.core.settings import META_REFRESH_REGEX
from lib.core.settings import MIN_TIME_RESPONSES
from lib.core.settings import IS_WIN
from lib.core.settings import LARGE_CHUNK_TRIM_MARKER
from lib.core.settings import PAYLOAD_DELIMITER
from lib.core.settings import PERMISSION_DENIED_REGEX
from lib.core.settings import PLAIN_TEXT_CONTENT_TYPE
from lib.core.settings import RANDOM_INTEGER_MARKER
from lib.core.settings import RANDOM_STRING_MARKER
from lib.core.settings import REPLACEMENT_MARKER
from lib.core.settings import TEXT_CONTENT_TYPE_REGEX
from lib.core.settings import UNENCODED_ORIGINAL_VALUE
from lib.core.settings import URI_HTTP_HEADER
from lib.core.settings import WARN_TIME_STDEV
from lib.request.basic import decodePage
from lib.request.basic import forgeHeaders
from lib.request.basic import processResponse
from lib.request.direct import direct
from lib.request.comparison import comparison
from lib.request.methodrequest import MethodRequest
from thirdparty.multipart import multipartpost
from thirdparty.odict.odict import OrderedDict
from thirdparty.socks.socks import ProxyError
class Connect(object):
"""
This class defines methods used to perform HTTP requests
"""
@staticmethod
def _getPageProxy(**kwargs):
try:
return Connect.getPage(**kwargs)
except RuntimeError:
return None, None, None
@staticmethod
def _retryProxy(**kwargs):
threadData = getCurrentThreadData()
threadData.retriesCount += 1
if conf.proxyList and threadData.retriesCount >= conf.retries:
warnMsg = "changing proxy"
logger.warn(warnMsg)
conf.proxy = None
threadData.retriesCount = 0
setHTTPHandlers()
if kb.testMode and kb.previousMethod == PAYLOAD.METHOD.TIME:
# timed based payloads can cause web server unresponsiveness
# if the injectable piece of code is some kind of JOIN-like query
warnMsg = "most probably web server instance hasn't recovered yet "
warnMsg += "from previous timed based payload. If the problem "
warnMsg += "persists please wait for few minutes and rerun "
warnMsg += "without flag 'T' in option '--technique' "
warnMsg += "(e.g. '--flush-session --technique=BEUS') or try to "
warnMsg += "lower the value of option '--time-sec' (e.g. '--time-sec=2')"
singleTimeWarnMessage(warnMsg)
elif kb.originalPage is None:
if conf.tor:
warnMsg = "please make sure that you have "
warnMsg += "Tor installed and running so "
warnMsg += "you could successfully use "
warnMsg += "switch '--tor' "
if IS_WIN:
warnMsg += "(e.g. 'https://www.torproject.org/download/download.html.en')"
else:
warnMsg += "(e.g. 'https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Tor')"
else:
warnMsg = "if the problem persists please check that the provided "
warnMsg += "target URL is valid. In case that it is, you can try to rerun "
warnMsg += "with the switch '--random-agent' turned on "
warnMsg += "and/or proxy switches ('--ignore-proxy', '--proxy',...)"
singleTimeWarnMessage(warnMsg)
elif conf.threads > 1:
warnMsg = "if the problem persists please try to lower "
warnMsg += "the number of used threads (option '--threads')"
singleTimeWarnMessage(warnMsg)
kwargs['retrying'] = True
return Connect._getPageProxy(**kwargs)
@staticmethod
def _connReadProxy(conn):
retVal = ""
if not kb.dnsMode and conn:
headers = conn.info()
if headers and hasattr(headers, "getheader") and (headers.getheader(HTTP_HEADER.CONTENT_ENCODING, "").lower() in ("gzip", "deflate")\
or "text" not in headers.getheader(HTTP_HEADER.CONTENT_TYPE, "").lower()):
retVal = conn.read(MAX_CONNECTION_TOTAL_SIZE)
if len(retVal) == MAX_CONNECTION_TOTAL_SIZE:
warnMsg = "large compressed response detected. Disabling compression"
singleTimeWarnMessage(warnMsg)
kb.pageCompress = False
else:
while True:
if not conn:
break
else:
_ = conn.read(MAX_CONNECTION_CHUNK_SIZE)
if len(_) == MAX_CONNECTION_CHUNK_SIZE:
warnMsg = "large response detected. This could take a while"
singleTimeWarnMessage(warnMsg)
_ = re.sub(r"(?si)%s.+?%s" % (kb.chars.stop, kb.chars.start), "%s%s%s" % (kb.chars.stop, LARGE_CHUNK_TRIM_MARKER, kb.chars.start), _)
retVal += _
else:
retVal += _
break
if len(retVal) > MAX_CONNECTION_TOTAL_SIZE:
warnMsg = "too large response detected. Automatically trimming it"
singleTimeWarnMessage(warnMsg)
break
return retVal
@staticmethod
def getPage(**kwargs):
"""
This method connects to the target URL or proxy and returns
the target URL page content
"""
if isinstance(conf.delay, (int, float)) and conf.delay > 0:
time.sleep(conf.delay)
if conf.offline:
return None, None, None
elif conf.dummy:
return getUnicode(randomStr(int(randomInt()), alphabet=[chr(_) for _ in xrange(256)]), {}, int(randomInt())), None, None
threadData = getCurrentThreadData()
with kb.locks.request:
kb.requestCounter += 1
threadData.lastRequestUID = kb.requestCounter
url = kwargs.get("url", None) or conf.url
get = kwargs.get("get", None)
post = kwargs.get("post", None)
method = kwargs.get("method", None)
cookie = kwargs.get("cookie", None)
ua = kwargs.get("ua", None) or conf.agent
referer = kwargs.get("referer", None) or conf.referer
host = kwargs.get("host", None) or conf.host
direct_ = kwargs.get("direct", False)
multipart = kwargs.get("multipart", False)
silent = kwargs.get("silent", False)
raise404 = kwargs.get("raise404", True)
timeout = kwargs.get("timeout", None) or conf.timeout
auxHeaders = kwargs.get("auxHeaders", None)
response = kwargs.get("response", False)
ignoreTimeout = kwargs.get("ignoreTimeout", False) or kb.ignoreTimeout
refreshing = kwargs.get("refreshing", False)
retrying = kwargs.get("retrying", False)
crawling = kwargs.get("crawling", False)
skipRead = kwargs.get("skipRead", False)
websocket_ = url.lower().startswith("ws")
if not urlparse.urlsplit(url).netloc:
url = urlparse.urljoin(conf.url, url)
# flag to know if we are dealing with the same target host
target = reduce(lambda x, y: x == y, map(lambda x: urlparse.urlparse(x).netloc.split(':')[0], [url, conf.url or ""]))
if not retrying:
# Reset the number of connection retries
threadData.retriesCount = 0
# fix for known issue when urllib2 just skips the other part of provided
# url splitted with space char while urlencoding it in the later phase
url = url.replace(" ", "%20")
conn = None
code = None
page = None
_ = urlparse.urlsplit(url)
requestMsg = u"HTTP request [#%d]:\n%s " % (threadData.lastRequestUID, method or (HTTPMETHOD.POST if post is not None else HTTPMETHOD.GET))
requestMsg += ("%s%s" % (_.path or "/", ("?%s" % _.query) if _.query else "")) if not any((refreshing, crawling)) else url
responseMsg = u"HTTP response "
requestHeaders = u""
responseHeaders = None
logHeaders = u""
skipLogTraffic = False
raise404 = raise404 and not kb.ignoreNotFound
# support for non-latin (e.g. cyrillic) URLs as urllib/urllib2 doesn't
# support those by default
url = asciifyUrl(url)
try:
socket.setdefaulttimeout(timeout)
if direct_:
if '?' in url:
url, params = url.split('?', 1)
params = urlencode(params)
url = "%s?%s" % (url, params)
elif multipart:
# Needed in this form because of potential circle dependency
# problem (option -> update -> connect -> option)
from lib.core.option import proxyHandler
multipartOpener = urllib2.build_opener(proxyHandler, multipartpost.MultipartPostHandler)
conn = multipartOpener.open(unicodeencode(url), multipart)
page = Connect._connReadProxy(conn) if not skipRead else None
responseHeaders = conn.info()
responseHeaders[URI_HTTP_HEADER] = conn.geturl()
page = decodePage(page, responseHeaders.get(HTTP_HEADER.CONTENT_ENCODING), responseHeaders.get(HTTP_HEADER.CONTENT_TYPE))
return page
elif any((refreshing, crawling)):
pass
elif target:
if conf.forceSSL and urlparse.urlparse(url).scheme != "https":
url = re.sub("\Ahttp:", "https:", url, re.I)
url = re.sub(":80/", ":443/", url, re.I)
if PLACE.GET in conf.parameters and not get:
get = conf.parameters[PLACE.GET]
if not conf.skipUrlEncode:
get = urlencode(get, limit=True)
if get:
if '?' in url:
url = "%s%s%s" % (url, DEFAULT_GET_POST_DELIMITER, get)
requestMsg += "%s%s" % (DEFAULT_GET_POST_DELIMITER, get)
else:
url = "%s?%s" % (url, get)
requestMsg += "?%s" % get
if PLACE.POST in conf.parameters and not post and method != HTTPMETHOD.GET:
post = conf.parameters[PLACE.POST]
elif get:
url = "%s?%s" % (url, get)
requestMsg += "?%s" % get
requestMsg += " %s" % httplib.HTTPConnection._http_vsn_str
# Prepare HTTP headers
headers = forgeHeaders({HTTP_HEADER.COOKIE: cookie, HTTP_HEADER.USER_AGENT: ua, HTTP_HEADER.REFERER: referer, HTTP_HEADER.HOST: host})
if HTTP_HEADER.COOKIE in headers:
cookie = headers[HTTP_HEADER.COOKIE]
if kb.authHeader:
headers[HTTP_HEADER.AUTHORIZATION] = kb.authHeader
if kb.proxyAuthHeader:
headers[HTTP_HEADER.PROXY_AUTHORIZATION] = kb.proxyAuthHeader
if not getHeader(headers, HTTP_HEADER.ACCEPT):
headers[HTTP_HEADER.ACCEPT] = HTTP_ACCEPT_HEADER_VALUE
if not getHeader(headers, HTTP_HEADER.HOST) or not target:
headers[HTTP_HEADER.HOST] = getHostHeader(url)
if not getHeader(headers, HTTP_HEADER.ACCEPT_ENCODING):
headers[HTTP_HEADER.ACCEPT_ENCODING] = HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING_HEADER_VALUE if kb.pageCompress else "identity"
if post is not None and not getHeader(headers, HTTP_HEADER.CONTENT_TYPE):
headers[HTTP_HEADER.CONTENT_TYPE] = POST_HINT_CONTENT_TYPES.get(kb.postHint, DEFAULT_CONTENT_TYPE)
if headers.get(HTTP_HEADER.CONTENT_TYPE) == POST_HINT_CONTENT_TYPES[POST_HINT.MULTIPART]:
warnMsg = "missing 'boundary parameter' in '%s' header. " % HTTP_HEADER.CONTENT_TYPE
warnMsg += "Will try to reconstruct"
singleTimeWarnMessage(warnMsg)
boundary = findMultipartPostBoundary(conf.data)
if boundary:
headers[HTTP_HEADER.CONTENT_TYPE] = "%s; boundary=%s" % (headers[HTTP_HEADER.CONTENT_TYPE], boundary)
if conf.keepAlive:
headers[HTTP_HEADER.CONNECTION] = "keep-alive"
# Reset header values to original in case of provided request file
if target and conf.requestFile:
headers = OrderedDict(conf.httpHeaders)
if cookie:
headers[HTTP_HEADER.COOKIE] = cookie
if auxHeaders:
for key, value in auxHeaders.items():
for _ in headers.keys():
if _.upper() == key.upper():
del headers[_]
headers[key] = value
for key, value in headers.items():
del headers[key]
value = unicodeencode(value, kb.pageEncoding)
for char in (r"\r", r"\n"):
value = re.sub(r"(%s)([^ \t])" % char, r"\g<1>\t\g<2>", value)
headers[unicodeencode(key, kb.pageEncoding)] = value.strip("\r\n")
url = unicodeencode(url)
post = unicodeencode(post)
if websocket_:
ws = websocket.WebSocket()
ws.connect(url, header=("%s: %s" % _ for _ in headers.items() if _[0] not in ("Host",)), cookie=cookie) # WebSocket will add Host field of headers automatically
ws.send(urldecode(post or ""))
page = ws.recv()
ws.close()
code = ws.status
status = httplib.responses[code]
class _(dict):
pass
responseHeaders = _(ws.getheaders())
responseHeaders.headers = ["%s: %s\r\n" % (_[0].capitalize(), _[1]) for _ in responseHeaders.items()]
requestHeaders += "\n".join("%s: %s" % (getUnicode(key.capitalize() if isinstance(key, basestring) else key), getUnicode(value)) for (key, value) in responseHeaders.items())
requestMsg += "\n%s" % requestHeaders
if post is not None:
requestMsg += "\n\n%s" % getUnicode(post)
requestMsg += "\n"
threadData.lastRequestMsg = requestMsg
logger.log(CUSTOM_LOGGING.TRAFFIC_OUT, requestMsg)
else:
if method and method not in (HTTPMETHOD.GET, HTTPMETHOD.POST):
method = unicodeencode(method)
req = MethodRequest(url, post, headers)
req.set_method(method)
else:
req = urllib2.Request(url, post, headers)
requestHeaders += "\n".join("%s: %s" % (getUnicode(key.capitalize() if isinstance(key, basestring) else key), getUnicode(value)) for (key, value) in req.header_items())
if not getRequestHeader(req, HTTP_HEADER.COOKIE) and conf.cj:
conf.cj._policy._now = conf.cj._now = int(time.time())
cookies = conf.cj._cookies_for_request(req)
requestHeaders += "\n%s" % ("Cookie: %s" % ";".join("%s=%s" % (getUnicode(cookie.name), getUnicode(cookie.value)) for cookie in cookies))
if post is not None:
if not getRequestHeader(req, HTTP_HEADER.CONTENT_LENGTH):
requestHeaders += "\n%s: %d" % (string.capwords(HTTP_HEADER.CONTENT_LENGTH), len(post))
if not getRequestHeader(req, HTTP_HEADER.CONNECTION):
requestHeaders += "\n%s: close" % HTTP_HEADER.CONNECTION
requestMsg += "\n%s" % requestHeaders
if post is not None:
requestMsg += "\n\n%s" % getUnicode(post)
requestMsg += "\n"
threadData.lastRequestMsg = requestMsg
logger.log(CUSTOM_LOGGING.TRAFFIC_OUT, requestMsg)
if conf.cj:
for cookie in conf.cj:
if cookie.value is None:
cookie.value = ""
else:
for char in (r"\r", r"\n"):
cookie.value = re.sub(r"(%s)([^ \t])" % char, r"\g<1>\t\g<2>", cookie.value)
conn = urllib2.urlopen(req)
if not kb.authHeader and getRequestHeader(req, HTTP_HEADER.AUTHORIZATION) and (conf.authType or "").lower() == AUTH_TYPE.BASIC.lower():
kb.authHeader = getRequestHeader(req, HTTP_HEADER.AUTHORIZATION)
if not kb.proxyAuthHeader and getRequestHeader(req, HTTP_HEADER.PROXY_AUTHORIZATION):
kb.proxyAuthHeader = getRequestHeader(req, HTTP_HEADER.PROXY_AUTHORIZATION)
# Return response object
if response:
return conn, None, None
# Get HTTP response
if hasattr(conn, 'redurl'):
page = (threadData.lastRedirectMsg[1] if kb.redirectChoice == REDIRECTION.NO\
else Connect._connReadProxy(conn)) if not skipRead else None
skipLogTraffic = kb.redirectChoice == REDIRECTION.NO
code = conn.redcode
else:
page = Connect._connReadProxy(conn) if not skipRead else None
code = code or conn.code
responseHeaders = conn.info()
responseHeaders[URI_HTTP_HEADER] = conn.geturl()
page = decodePage(page, responseHeaders.get(HTTP_HEADER.CONTENT_ENCODING), responseHeaders.get(HTTP_HEADER.CONTENT_TYPE))
status = getUnicode(conn.msg)
if extractRegexResult(META_REFRESH_REGEX, page) and not refreshing:
refresh = extractRegexResult(META_REFRESH_REGEX, page)
debugMsg = "got HTML meta refresh header"
logger.debug(debugMsg)
if kb.alwaysRefresh is None:
msg = "sqlmap got a refresh request "
msg += "(redirect like response common to login pages). "
msg += "Do you want to apply the refresh "
msg += "from now on (or stay on the original page)? [Y/n]"
choice = readInput(msg, default="Y")
kb.alwaysRefresh = choice not in ("n", "N")
if kb.alwaysRefresh:
if re.search(r"\Ahttps?://", refresh, re.I):
url = refresh
else:
url = urlparse.urljoin(url, refresh)
threadData.lastRedirectMsg = (threadData.lastRequestUID, page)
kwargs['refreshing'] = True
kwargs['url'] = url
kwargs['get'] = None
kwargs['post'] = None
try:
return Connect._getPageProxy(**kwargs)
except SqlmapSyntaxException:
pass
# Explicit closing of connection object
if conn and not conf.keepAlive:
try:
if hasattr(conn.fp, '_sock'):
conn.fp._sock.close()
conn.close()
except Exception, ex:
warnMsg = "problem occurred during connection closing ('%s')" % getSafeExString(ex)
logger.warn(warnMsg)
except urllib2.HTTPError, ex:
page = None
responseHeaders = None
try:
page = ex.read() if not skipRead else None
responseHeaders = ex.info()
responseHeaders[URI_HTTP_HEADER] = ex.geturl()
page = decodePage(page, responseHeaders.get(HTTP_HEADER.CONTENT_ENCODING), responseHeaders.get(HTTP_HEADER.CONTENT_TYPE))
except socket.timeout:
warnMsg = "connection timed out while trying "
warnMsg += "to get error page information (%d)" % ex.code
logger.warn(warnMsg)
return None, None, None
except KeyboardInterrupt:
raise
except:
pass
finally:
page = page if isinstance(page, unicode) else getUnicode(page)
code = ex.code
kb.originalCode = kb.originalCode or code
threadData.lastHTTPError = (threadData.lastRequestUID, code)
kb.httpErrorCodes[code] = kb.httpErrorCodes.get(code, 0) + 1
status = getUnicode(ex.msg)
responseMsg += "[#%d] (%d %s):\n" % (threadData.lastRequestUID, code, status)
if responseHeaders:
logHeaders = "\n".join("%s: %s" % (getUnicode(key.capitalize() if isinstance(key, basestring) else key), getUnicode(value)) for (key, value) in responseHeaders.items())
logHTTPTraffic(requestMsg, "%s%s\n\n%s" % (responseMsg, logHeaders, (page or "")[:MAX_CONNECTION_CHUNK_SIZE]))
skipLogTraffic = True
if conf.verbose <= 5:
responseMsg += getUnicode(logHeaders)
elif conf.verbose > 5:
responseMsg += "%s\n\n%s" % (logHeaders, (page or "")[:MAX_CONNECTION_CHUNK_SIZE])
logger.log(CUSTOM_LOGGING.TRAFFIC_IN, responseMsg)
if ex.code == httplib.UNAUTHORIZED and not conf.ignore401:
errMsg = "not authorized, try to provide right HTTP "
errMsg += "authentication type and valid credentials (%d)" % code
raise SqlmapConnectionException(errMsg)
elif ex.code == httplib.NOT_FOUND:
if raise404:
errMsg = "page not found (%d)" % code
raise SqlmapConnectionException(errMsg)
else:
debugMsg = "page not found (%d)" % code
singleTimeLogMessage(debugMsg, logging.DEBUG)
processResponse(page, responseHeaders)
elif ex.code == httplib.GATEWAY_TIMEOUT:
if ignoreTimeout:
return None, None, None
else:
warnMsg = "unable to connect to the target URL (%d - %s)" % (ex.code, httplib.responses[ex.code])
if threadData.retriesCount < conf.retries and not kb.threadException:
warnMsg += ". sqlmap is going to retry the request"
logger.critical(warnMsg)
return Connect._retryProxy(**kwargs)
elif kb.testMode:
logger.critical(warnMsg)
return None, None, None
else:
raise SqlmapConnectionException(warnMsg)
else:
debugMsg = "got HTTP error code: %d (%s)" % (code, status)
logger.debug(debugMsg)
except (urllib2.URLError, socket.error, socket.timeout, httplib.HTTPException, struct.error, binascii.Error, ProxyError, SqlmapCompressionException, WebSocketException, TypeError):
tbMsg = traceback.format_exc()
if "no host given" in tbMsg:
warnMsg = "invalid URL address used (%s)" % repr(url)
raise SqlmapSyntaxException(warnMsg)
elif "forcibly closed" in tbMsg or "Connection is already closed" in tbMsg:
warnMsg = "connection was forcibly closed by the target URL"
elif "timed out" in tbMsg:
if not conf.disablePrecon:
singleTimeWarnMessage("turning off pre-connect mechanism because of connection time out(s)")
conf.disablePrecon = True
if kb.testMode and kb.testType not in (PAYLOAD.TECHNIQUE.TIME, PAYLOAD.TECHNIQUE.STACKED):
kb.responseTimes.clear()
if kb.testMode and kb.testType not in (None, PAYLOAD.TECHNIQUE.TIME, PAYLOAD.TECHNIQUE.STACKED):
singleTimeWarnMessage("there is a possibility that the target (or WAF) is dropping 'suspicious' requests")
warnMsg = "connection timed out to the target URL"
elif "URLError" in tbMsg or "error" in tbMsg:
warnMsg = "unable to connect to the target URL"
match = re.search(r"Errno \d+\] ([^>]+)", tbMsg)
if match:
warnMsg += " ('%s')" % match.group(1).strip()
elif "NTLM" in tbMsg:
warnMsg = "there has been a problem with NTLM authentication"
elif "BadStatusLine" in tbMsg:
warnMsg = "connection dropped or unknown HTTP "
warnMsg += "status code received"
if not conf.agent and not conf.randomAgent:
warnMsg += ". Try to force the HTTP User-Agent "
warnMsg += "header with option '--user-agent' or switch '--random-agent'"
elif "IncompleteRead" in tbMsg:
warnMsg = "there was an incomplete read error while retrieving data "
warnMsg += "from the target URL"
elif "Handshake status" in tbMsg:
status = re.search("Handshake status ([\d]{3})", tbMsg)
errMsg = "websocket handshake status %s" % status.group(1) if status else "unknown"
raise SqlmapConnectionException(errMsg)
else:
warnMsg = "unable to connect to the target URL"
if "BadStatusLine" not in tbMsg and any((conf.proxy, conf.tor)):
warnMsg += " or proxy"
if silent:
return None, None, None
elif "forcibly closed" in tbMsg:
logger.critical(warnMsg)
return None, None, None
elif ignoreTimeout and any(_ in tbMsg for _ in ("timed out", "IncompleteRead")):
return None, None, None
elif threadData.retriesCount < conf.retries and not kb.threadException:
warnMsg += ". sqlmap is going to retry the request"
if not retrying:
warnMsg += "(s)"
logger.critical(warnMsg)
else:
logger.debug(warnMsg)
return Connect._retryProxy(**kwargs)
elif kb.testMode:
logger.critical(warnMsg)
return None, None, None
else:
raise SqlmapConnectionException(warnMsg)
finally:
if isinstance(page, basestring) and not isinstance(page, unicode):
if HTTP_HEADER.CONTENT_TYPE in (responseHeaders or {}) and not re.search(TEXT_CONTENT_TYPE_REGEX, responseHeaders[HTTP_HEADER.CONTENT_TYPE]):
page = unicode(page, errors="ignore")
else:
page = getUnicode(page)
socket.setdefaulttimeout(conf.timeout)
processResponse(page, responseHeaders)
if conn and getattr(conn, "redurl", None):
_ = urlparse.urlsplit(conn.redurl)
_ = ("%s%s" % (_.path or "/", ("?%s" % _.query) if _.query else ""))
requestMsg = re.sub("(\n[A-Z]+ ).+?( HTTP/\d)", "\g<1>%s\g<2>" % getUnicode(_).replace("\\", "\\\\"), requestMsg, 1)
if kb.resendPostOnRedirect is False:
requestMsg = re.sub("(\[#\d+\]:\n)POST ", "\g<1>GET ", requestMsg)
requestMsg = re.sub("(?i)Content-length: \d+\n", "", requestMsg)
requestMsg = re.sub("(?s)\n\n.+", "\n", requestMsg)
responseMsg += "[#%d] (%d %s):\n" % (threadData.lastRequestUID, conn.code, status)
else:
responseMsg += "[#%d] (%d %s):\n" % (threadData.lastRequestUID, code, status)
if responseHeaders:
logHeaders = "\n".join("%s: %s" % (getUnicode(key.capitalize() if isinstance(key, basestring) else key), getUnicode(value)) for (key, value) in responseHeaders.items())
if not skipLogTraffic:
logHTTPTraffic(requestMsg, "%s%s\n\n%s" % (responseMsg, logHeaders, (page or "")[:MAX_CONNECTION_CHUNK_SIZE]))
if conf.verbose <= 5:
responseMsg += getUnicode(logHeaders)
elif conf.verbose > 5:
responseMsg += "%s\n\n%s" % (logHeaders, (page or "")[:MAX_CONNECTION_CHUNK_SIZE])
logger.log(CUSTOM_LOGGING.TRAFFIC_IN, responseMsg)
return page, responseHeaders, code
@staticmethod
def queryPage(value=None, place=None, content=False, getRatioValue=False, silent=False, method=None, timeBasedCompare=False, noteResponseTime=True, auxHeaders=None, response=False, raise404=None, removeReflection=True):
"""
This method calls a function to get the target URL page content
and returns its page MD5 hash or a boolean value in case of
string match check ('--string' command line parameter)
"""
if conf.direct:
return direct(value, content)
get = None
post = None
cookie = None
ua = None
referer = None
host = None
page = None
pageLength = None
uri = None
code = None
if not place:
place = kb.injection.place or PLACE.GET
if not auxHeaders:
auxHeaders = {}
raise404 = place != PLACE.URI if raise404 is None else raise404
method = method or conf.method
value = agent.adjustLateValues(value)
payload = agent.extractPayload(value)
threadData = getCurrentThreadData()
if conf.httpHeaders:
headers = OrderedDict(conf.httpHeaders)
contentType = max(headers[_] if _.upper() == HTTP_HEADER.CONTENT_TYPE.upper() else None for _ in headers.keys())
if (kb.postHint or conf.skipUrlEncode) and kb.postUrlEncode:
kb.postUrlEncode = False
conf.httpHeaders = [_ for _ in conf.httpHeaders if _[1] != contentType]
contentType = POST_HINT_CONTENT_TYPES.get(kb.postHint, PLAIN_TEXT_CONTENT_TYPE)
conf.httpHeaders.append((HTTP_HEADER.CONTENT_TYPE, contentType))
if payload:
if kb.tamperFunctions:
for function in kb.tamperFunctions:
try:
payload = function(payload=payload, headers=auxHeaders)
except Exception, ex:
errMsg = "error occurred while running tamper "
errMsg += "function '%s' ('%s')" % (function.func_name, getSafeExString(ex))
raise SqlmapGenericException(errMsg)
if not isinstance(payload, basestring):
errMsg = "tamper function '%s' returns " % function.func_name
errMsg += "invalid payload type ('%s')" % type(payload)
raise SqlmapValueException(errMsg)
value = agent.replacePayload(value, payload)
logger.log(CUSTOM_LOGGING.PAYLOAD, safecharencode(payload.replace('\\', BOUNDARY_BACKSLASH_MARKER)).replace(BOUNDARY_BACKSLASH_MARKER, '\\'))
if place == PLACE.CUSTOM_POST and kb.postHint:
if kb.postHint in (POST_HINT.SOAP, POST_HINT.XML):
# payloads in SOAP/XML should have chars > and < replaced
# with their HTML encoded counterparts
payload = payload.replace('>', ">").replace('<', "<")
elif kb.postHint == POST_HINT.JSON:
if payload.startswith('"') and payload.endswith('"'):
payload = json.dumps(payload[1:-1])
else:
payload = json.dumps(payload)[1:-1]
elif kb.postHint == POST_HINT.JSON_LIKE:
payload = payload.replace("'", REPLACEMENT_MARKER).replace('"', "'").replace(REPLACEMENT_MARKER, '"')
if payload.startswith('"') and payload.endswith('"'):
payload = json.dumps(payload[1:-1])
else:
payload = json.dumps(payload)[1:-1]
payload = payload.replace("'", REPLACEMENT_MARKER).replace('"', "'").replace(REPLACEMENT_MARKER, '"')
value = agent.replacePayload(value, payload)
else:
# GET, POST, URI and Cookie payload needs to be thoroughly URL encoded
if (place in (PLACE.GET, PLACE.URI, PLACE.COOKIE) or place == PLACE.CUSTOM_HEADER and value.split(',')[0] == HTTP_HEADER.COOKIE) and not conf.skipUrlEncode or place in (PLACE.POST, PLACE.CUSTOM_POST) and kb.postUrlEncode:
skip = False
if place == PLACE.COOKIE or place == PLACE.CUSTOM_HEADER and value.split(',')[0] == HTTP_HEADER.COOKIE:
if kb.cookieEncodeChoice is None:
msg = "do you want to URL encode cookie values (implementation specific)? %s" % ("[Y/n]" if not conf.url.endswith(".aspx") else "[y/N]") # Reference: https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/kb/313282
choice = readInput(msg, default='Y' if not conf.url.endswith(".aspx") else 'N')
kb.cookieEncodeChoice = choice.upper().strip() == "Y"
if not kb.cookieEncodeChoice:
skip = True
if not skip:
payload = urlencode(payload, '%', False, place != PLACE.URI) # spaceplus is handled down below
value = agent.replacePayload(value, payload)
if conf.hpp:
if not any(conf.url.lower().endswith(_.lower()) for _ in (WEB_API.ASP, WEB_API.ASPX)):
warnMsg = "HTTP parameter pollution should work only against "
warnMsg += "ASP(.NET) targets"
singleTimeWarnMessage(warnMsg)
if place in (PLACE.GET, PLACE.POST):
_ = re.escape(PAYLOAD_DELIMITER)
match = re.search("(?P<name>\w+)=%s(?P<value>.+?)%s" % (_, _), value)
if match:
payload = match.group("value")
for splitter in (urlencode(' '), ' '):
if splitter in payload:
prefix, suffix = ("*/", "/*") if splitter == ' ' else (urlencode(_) for _ in ("*/", "/*"))
parts = payload.split(splitter)
parts[0] = "%s%s" % (parts[0], suffix)
parts[-1] = "%s%s=%s%s" % (DEFAULT_GET_POST_DELIMITER, match.group("name"), prefix, parts[-1])
for i in xrange(1, len(parts) - 1):
parts[i] = "%s%s=%s%s%s" % (DEFAULT_GET_POST_DELIMITER, match.group("name"), prefix, parts[i], suffix)
payload = "".join(parts)
for splitter in (urlencode(','), ','):
payload = payload.replace(splitter, "%s%s=" % (DEFAULT_GET_POST_DELIMITER, match.group("name")))
value = agent.replacePayload(value, payload)
else:
warnMsg = "HTTP parameter pollution works only with regular "
warnMsg += "GET and POST parameters"
singleTimeWarnMessage(warnMsg)
if place:
value = agent.removePayloadDelimiters(value)
if PLACE.GET in conf.parameters:
get = conf.parameters[PLACE.GET] if place != PLACE.GET or not value else value
elif place == PLACE.GET: # Note: for (e.g.) checkWaf() when there are no GET parameters
get = value
if PLACE.POST in conf.parameters:
post = conf.parameters[PLACE.POST] if place != PLACE.POST or not value else value
elif place == PLACE.POST:
post = value
if PLACE.CUSTOM_POST in conf.parameters:
post = conf.parameters[PLACE.CUSTOM_POST].replace(CUSTOM_INJECTION_MARK_CHAR, "") if place != PLACE.CUSTOM_POST or not value else value
post = post.replace(ASTERISK_MARKER, '*') if post else post
if PLACE.COOKIE in conf.parameters:
cookie = conf.parameters[PLACE.COOKIE] if place != PLACE.COOKIE or not value else value
if PLACE.USER_AGENT in conf.parameters:
ua = conf.parameters[PLACE.USER_AGENT] if place != PLACE.USER_AGENT or not value else value
if PLACE.REFERER in conf.parameters:
referer = conf.parameters[PLACE.REFERER] if place != PLACE.REFERER or not value else value
if PLACE.HOST in conf.parameters:
host = conf.parameters[PLACE.HOST] if place != PLACE.HOST or not value else value
if PLACE.URI in conf.parameters:
uri = conf.url if place != PLACE.URI or not value else value
else:
uri = conf.url
if value and place == PLACE.CUSTOM_HEADER:
auxHeaders[value.split(',')[0]] = value.split(',', 1)[1]
if conf.csrfToken:
def _adjustParameter(paramString, parameter, newValue):
retVal = paramString
match = re.search("%s=[^&]*" % re.escape(parameter), paramString)
if match:
retVal = re.sub(match.group(0), "%s=%s" % (parameter, newValue), paramString)
else:
match = re.search("(%s[\"']:[\"'])([^\"']+)" % re.escape(parameter), paramString)
if match:
retVal = re.sub(match.group(0), "%s%s" % (match.group(1), newValue), paramString)
return retVal
page, headers, code = Connect.getPage(url=conf.csrfUrl or conf.url, data=conf.data if conf.csrfUrl == conf.url else None, method=conf.method if conf.csrfUrl == conf.url else None, cookie=conf.parameters.get(PLACE.COOKIE), direct=True, silent=True, ua=conf.parameters.get(PLACE.USER_AGENT), referer=conf.parameters.get(PLACE.REFERER), host=conf.parameters.get(PLACE.HOST))
match = re.search(r"<input[^>]+name=[\"']?%s[\"']?\s[^>]*value=(\"([^\"]+)|'([^']+)|([^ >]+))" % re.escape(conf.csrfToken), page or "")
token = (match.group(2) or match.group(3) or match.group(4)) if match else None
if not token:
match = re.search(r"%s[\"']:[\"']([^\"']+)" % re.escape(conf.csrfToken), page or "")
token = match.group(1) if match else None
if not token:
if conf.csrfUrl != conf.url and code == httplib.OK:
if headers and "text/plain" in headers.get(HTTP_HEADER.CONTENT_TYPE, ""):
token = page
if not token and conf.cj and any(_.name == conf.csrfToken for _ in conf.cj):
for _ in conf.cj:
if _.name == conf.csrfToken:
token = _.value
if not any (conf.csrfToken in _ for _ in (conf.paramDict.get(PLACE.GET, {}), conf.paramDict.get(PLACE.POST, {}))):
if post:
post = "%s%s%s=%s" % (post, conf.paramDel or DEFAULT_GET_POST_DELIMITER, conf.csrfToken, token)
elif get:
get = "%s%s%s=%s" % (get, conf.paramDel or DEFAULT_GET_POST_DELIMITER, conf.csrfToken, token)
else:
get = "%s=%s" % (conf.csrfToken, token)
break
if not token:
errMsg = "anti-CSRF token '%s' can't be found at '%s'" % (conf.csrfToken, conf.csrfUrl or conf.url)
if not conf.csrfUrl:
errMsg += ". You can try to rerun by providing "
errMsg += "a valid value for option '--csrf-url'"
raise SqlmapTokenException, errMsg
if token:
for place in (PLACE.GET, PLACE.POST):
if place in conf.parameters:
if place == PLACE.GET and get:
get = _adjustParameter(get, conf.csrfToken, token)
elif place == PLACE.POST and post:
post = _adjustParameter(post, conf.csrfToken, token)
for i in xrange(len(conf.httpHeaders)):
if conf.httpHeaders[i][0].lower() == conf.csrfToken.lower():
conf.httpHeaders[i] = (conf.httpHeaders[i][0], token)
if conf.rParam:
def _randomizeParameter(paramString, randomParameter):
retVal = paramString
match = re.search(r"(\A|\b)%s=(?P<value>[^&;]+)" % re.escape(randomParameter), paramString)
if match:
origValue = match.group("value")
retVal = re.sub(r"(\A|\b)%s=[^&;]+" % re.escape(randomParameter), "%s=%s" % (randomParameter, randomizeParameterValue(origValue)), paramString)
return retVal
for randomParameter in conf.rParam:
for item in (PLACE.GET, PLACE.POST, PLACE.COOKIE, PLACE.URI, PLACE.CUSTOM_POST):
if item in conf.parameters:
if item == PLACE.GET and get:
get = _randomizeParameter(get, randomParameter)
elif item in (PLACE.POST, PLACE.CUSTOM_POST) and post:
post = _randomizeParameter(post, randomParameter)
elif item == PLACE.COOKIE and cookie:
cookie = _randomizeParameter(cookie, randomParameter)
elif item == PLACE.URI and uri:
uri = _randomizeParameter(uri, randomParameter)
if conf.evalCode:
delimiter = conf.paramDel or DEFAULT_GET_POST_DELIMITER
variables = {"uri": uri, "lastPage": threadData.lastPage, "_locals": locals()}
originals = {}
keywords = keyword.kwlist
if not get and PLACE.URI in conf.parameters:
query = urlparse.urlsplit(uri).query or ""
else:
query = None
for item in filter(None, (get, post if not kb.postHint else None, query)):
for part in item.split(delimiter):
if '=' in part:
name, value = part.split('=', 1)
name = re.sub(r"[^\w]", "", name.strip())
if name in keywords:
name = "%s%s" % (name, EVALCODE_KEYWORD_SUFFIX)
value = urldecode(value, convall=True, plusspace=(item==post and kb.postSpaceToPlus))
variables[name] = value
if cookie:
for part in cookie.split(conf.cookieDel or DEFAULT_COOKIE_DELIMITER):
if '=' in part:
name, value = part.split('=', 1)
name = re.sub(r"[^\w]", "", name.strip())
if name in keywords:
name = "%s%s" % (name, EVALCODE_KEYWORD_SUFFIX)
value = urldecode(value, convall=True)
variables[name] = value
while True:
try:
compiler.parse(unicodeencode(conf.evalCode.replace(';', '\n')))
except SyntaxError, ex:
original = replacement = ex.text.strip()
for _ in re.findall(r"[A-Za-z_]+", original)[::-1]:
if _ in keywords:
replacement = replacement.replace(_, "%s%s" % (_, EVALCODE_KEYWORD_SUFFIX))
break
if original == replacement:
conf.evalCode = conf.evalCode.replace(EVALCODE_KEYWORD_SUFFIX, "")
break
else:
conf.evalCode = conf.evalCode.replace(ex.text.strip(), replacement)
else:
break
originals.update(variables)
evaluateCode(conf.evalCode, variables)
for variable in variables.keys():
if variable.endswith(EVALCODE_KEYWORD_SUFFIX):
value = variables[variable]
del variables[variable]
variables[variable.replace(EVALCODE_KEYWORD_SUFFIX, "")] = value
uri = variables["uri"]
for name, value in variables.items():
if name != "__builtins__" and originals.get(name, "") != value:
if isinstance(value, (basestring, int)):
found = False
value = getUnicode(value)
regex = r"((\A|%s)%s=).+?(%s|\Z)" % (re.escape(delimiter), re.escape(name), re.escape(delimiter))
if re.search(regex, (get or "")):
found = True
get = re.sub(regex, "\g<1>%s\g<3>" % value, get)
if re.search(regex, (post or "")):
found = True
post = re.sub(regex, "\g<1>%s\g<3>" % value, post)
if re.search(regex, (query or "")):
found = True
uri = re.sub(regex.replace(r"\A", r"\?"), "\g<1>%s\g<3>" % value, uri)
regex = r"((\A|%s)%s=).+?(%s|\Z)" % (re.escape(conf.cookieDel or DEFAULT_COOKIE_DELIMITER), name, re.escape(conf.cookieDel or DEFAULT_COOKIE_DELIMITER))
if re.search(regex, (cookie or "")):
found = True
cookie = re.sub(regex, "\g<1>%s\g<3>" % value, cookie)
if not found:
if post is not None:
post += "%s%s=%s" % (delimiter, name, value)
elif get is not None:
get += "%s%s=%s" % (delimiter, name, value)
elif cookie is not None:
cookie += "%s%s=%s" % (conf.cookieDel or DEFAULT_COOKIE_DELIMITER, name, value)
if not conf.skipUrlEncode:
get = urlencode(get, limit=True)
if post is not None:
if place not in (PLACE.POST, PLACE.CUSTOM_POST) and hasattr(post, UNENCODED_ORIGINAL_VALUE):
post = getattr(post, UNENCODED_ORIGINAL_VALUE)
elif kb.postUrlEncode:
post = urlencode(post, spaceplus=kb.postSpaceToPlus)
if timeBasedCompare:
if len(kb.responseTimes.get(kb.responseTimeMode, [])) < MIN_TIME_RESPONSES:
clearConsoleLine()
kb.responseTimes.setdefault(kb.responseTimeMode, [])
if conf.tor:
warnMsg = "it's highly recommended to avoid usage of switch '--tor' for "
warnMsg += "time-based injections because of its high latency time"
singleTimeWarnMessage(warnMsg)
warnMsg = "[%s] [WARNING] %stime-based comparison requires " % (time.strftime("%X"), "(case) " if kb.responseTimeMode else "")
warnMsg += "larger statistical model, please wait"
dataToStdout(warnMsg)
while len(kb.responseTimes[kb.responseTimeMode]) < MIN_TIME_RESPONSES:
value = kb.responseTimePayload.replace(RANDOM_INTEGER_MARKER, str(randomInt(6))).replace(RANDOM_STRING_MARKER, randomStr()) if kb.responseTimePayload else kb.responseTimePayload
Connect.queryPage(value=value, content=True, raise404=False)
dataToStdout('.')
dataToStdout(" (done)\n")
elif not kb.testMode:
warnMsg = "it is very important to not stress the network adapter "
warnMsg += "during usage of time-based payloads to prevent potential "
warnMsg += "disruptions "
singleTimeWarnMessage(warnMsg)
if not kb.laggingChecked:
kb.laggingChecked = True
deviation = stdev(kb.responseTimes[kb.responseTimeMode])
if deviation > WARN_TIME_STDEV:
kb.adjustTimeDelay = ADJUST_TIME_DELAY.DISABLE
warnMsg = "considerable lagging has been detected "
warnMsg += "in connection response(s). Please use as high "
warnMsg += "value for option '--time-sec' as possible (e.g. "
warnMsg += "10 or more)"
logger.critical(warnMsg)
if conf.safeFreq > 0:
kb.queryCounter += 1
if kb.queryCounter % conf.safeFreq == 0:
if conf.safeUrl:
Connect.getPage(url=conf.safeUrl, post=conf.safePost, cookie=cookie, direct=True, silent=True, ua=ua, referer=referer, host=host)
elif kb.safeReq:
Connect.getPage(url=kb.safeReq.url, post=kb.safeReq.post, method=kb.safeReq.method, auxHeaders=kb.safeReq.headers)
start = time.time()
if kb.nullConnection and not content and not response and not timeBasedCompare:
noteResponseTime = False
try:
pushValue(kb.pageCompress)
kb.pageCompress = False
if kb.nullConnection == NULLCONNECTION.HEAD:
method = HTTPMETHOD.HEAD
elif kb.nullConnection == NULLCONNECTION.RANGE:
auxHeaders[HTTP_HEADER.RANGE] = "bytes=-1"
_, headers, code = Connect.getPage(url=uri, get=get, post=post, method=method, cookie=cookie, ua=ua, referer=referer, host=host, silent=silent, auxHeaders=auxHeaders, raise404=raise404, skipRead=(kb.nullConnection == NULLCONNECTION.SKIP_READ))
if headers:
if kb.nullConnection in (NULLCONNECTION.HEAD, NULLCONNECTION.SKIP_READ) and headers.get(HTTP_HEADER.CONTENT_LENGTH):
pageLength = int(headers[HTTP_HEADER.CONTENT_LENGTH])
elif kb.nullConnection == NULLCONNECTION.RANGE and headers.get(HTTP_HEADER.CONTENT_RANGE):
pageLength = int(headers[HTTP_HEADER.CONTENT_RANGE][headers[HTTP_HEADER.CONTENT_RANGE].find('/') + 1:])
finally:
kb.pageCompress = popValue()
if not pageLength:
try:
page, headers, code = Connect.getPage(url=uri, get=get, post=post, method=method, cookie=cookie, ua=ua, referer=referer, host=host, silent=silent, auxHeaders=auxHeaders, response=response, raise404=raise404, ignoreTimeout=timeBasedCompare)
except MemoryError:
page, headers, code = None, None, None
warnMsg = "site returned insanely large response"
if kb.testMode:
warnMsg += " in testing phase. This is a common "
warnMsg += "behavior in custom WAF/IDS/IPS solutions"
singleTimeWarnMessage(warnMsg)
if conf.secondOrder:
page, headers, code = Connect.getPage(url=conf.secondOrder, cookie=cookie, ua=ua, silent=silent, auxHeaders=auxHeaders, response=response, raise404=False, ignoreTimeout=timeBasedCompare, refreshing=True)
threadData.lastQueryDuration = calculateDeltaSeconds(start)
threadData.lastPage = page
kb.originalCode = kb.originalCode or code
if kb.testMode:
kb.testQueryCount += 1
if timeBasedCompare:
return wasLastResponseDelayed()
elif noteResponseTime:
kb.responseTimes.setdefault(kb.responseTimeMode, [])
kb.responseTimes[kb.responseTimeMode].append(threadData.lastQueryDuration)
if not response and removeReflection:
page = removeReflectiveValues(page, payload)
kb.maxConnectionsFlag = re.search(MAX_CONNECTIONS_REGEX, page or "", re.I) is not None
kb.permissionFlag = re.search(PERMISSION_DENIED_REGEX, page or "", re.I) is not None
if content or response:
return page, headers
if getRatioValue:
return comparison(page, headers, code, getRatioValue=False, pageLength=pageLength), comparison(page, headers, code, getRatioValue=True, pageLength=pageLength)
else:
return comparison(page, headers, code, getRatioValue, pageLength)
def setHTTPHandlers(): # Cross-linked function
raise NotImplementedError