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< p > Django's class-based views are a welcome departure from the old-style views.< / p >
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< p > — < a href = "https://reinout.vanrees.org/weblog/2011/08/24/class-based-views-usage.html" > Reinout van Rees< / a > < / p >
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< / blockquote >
< p > REST framework provides an < code > APIView< / code > class, which subclasses Django's < code > View< / code > class.< / p >
< p > < code > APIView< / code > classes are different from regular < code > View< / code > classes in the following ways:< / p >
< ul >
< li > Requests passed to the handler methods will be REST framework's < code > Request< / code > instances, not Django's < code > HttpRequest< / code > instances.< / li >
< li > Handler methods may return REST framework's < code > Response< / code > , instead of Django's < code > HttpResponse< / code > . The view will manage content negotiation and setting the correct renderer on the response.< / li >
< li > Any < code > APIException< / code > exceptions will be caught and mediated into appropriate responses.< / li >
< li > Incoming requests will be authenticated and appropriate permission and/or throttle checks will be run before dispatching the request to the handler method.< / li >
< / ul >
< p > Using the < code > APIView< / code > class is pretty much the same as using a regular < code > View< / code > class, as usual, the incoming request is dispatched to an appropriate handler method such as < code > .get()< / code > or < code > .post()< / code > . Additionally, a number of attributes may be set on the class that control various aspects of the API policy.< / p >
< p > For example:< / p >
< pre > < code > from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework import authentication, permissions
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from django.contrib.auth.models import User
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class ListUsers(APIView):
"""
View to list all users in the system.
* Requires token authentication.
* Only admin users are able to access this view.
"""
authentication_classes = (authentication.TokenAuthentication,)
permission_classes = (permissions.IsAdminUser,)
def get(self, request, format=None):
"""
Return a list of all users.
"""
usernames = [user.username for user in User.objects.all()]
return Response(usernames)
< / code > < / pre >
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< hr / >
< p > < strong > Note< / strong > : The full methods, attributes on, and relations between Django REST Framework's < code > APIView< / code > , < code > GenericAPIView< / code > , various < code > Mixins< / code > , and < code > Viewsets< / code > can be initially complex. In addition to the documentation here, the < a href = "http://www.cdrf.co" > Classy Django REST Framework< / a > resource provides a browsable reference, with full methods and attributes, for each of Django REST Framework's class-based views.< / p >
< hr / >
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< h2 id = "api-policy-attributes" > < a class = "toclink" href = "#api-policy-attributes" > API policy attributes< / a > < / h2 >
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< p > The following attributes control the pluggable aspects of API views.< / p >
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< h3 id = "renderer_classes" > < a class = "toclink" href = "#renderer_classes" > .renderer_classes< / a > < / h3 >
< h3 id = "parser_classes" > < a class = "toclink" href = "#parser_classes" > .parser_classes< / a > < / h3 >
< h3 id = "authentication_classes" > < a class = "toclink" href = "#authentication_classes" > .authentication_classes< / a > < / h3 >
< h3 id = "throttle_classes" > < a class = "toclink" href = "#throttle_classes" > .throttle_classes< / a > < / h3 >
< h3 id = "permission_classes" > < a class = "toclink" href = "#permission_classes" > .permission_classes< / a > < / h3 >
< h3 id = "content_negotiation_class" > < a class = "toclink" href = "#content_negotiation_class" > .content_negotiation_class< / a > < / h3 >
< h2 id = "api-policy-instantiation-methods" > < a class = "toclink" href = "#api-policy-instantiation-methods" > API policy instantiation methods< / a > < / h2 >
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< p > The following methods are used by REST framework to instantiate the various pluggable API policies. You won't typically need to override these methods.< / p >
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< h3 id = "get_renderersself" > < a class = "toclink" href = "#get_renderersself" > .get_renderers(self)< / a > < / h3 >
< h3 id = "get_parsersself" > < a class = "toclink" href = "#get_parsersself" > .get_parsers(self)< / a > < / h3 >
< h3 id = "get_authenticatorsself" > < a class = "toclink" href = "#get_authenticatorsself" > .get_authenticators(self)< / a > < / h3 >
< h3 id = "get_throttlesself" > < a class = "toclink" href = "#get_throttlesself" > .get_throttles(self)< / a > < / h3 >
< h3 id = "get_permissionsself" > < a class = "toclink" href = "#get_permissionsself" > .get_permissions(self)< / a > < / h3 >
< h3 id = "get_content_negotiatorself" > < a class = "toclink" href = "#get_content_negotiatorself" > .get_content_negotiator(self)< / a > < / h3 >
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< h3 id = "get_exception_handlerself" > < a class = "toclink" href = "#get_exception_handlerself" > .get_exception_handler(self)< / a > < / h3 >
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< h2 id = "api-policy-implementation-methods" > < a class = "toclink" href = "#api-policy-implementation-methods" > API policy implementation methods< / a > < / h2 >
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< p > The following methods are called before dispatching to the handler method.< / p >
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< h3 id = "check_permissionsself-request" > < a class = "toclink" href = "#check_permissionsself-request" > .check_permissions(self, request)< / a > < / h3 >
< h3 id = "check_throttlesself-request" > < a class = "toclink" href = "#check_throttlesself-request" > .check_throttles(self, request)< / a > < / h3 >
< h3 id = "perform_content_negotiationself-request-forcefalse" > < a class = "toclink" href = "#perform_content_negotiationself-request-forcefalse" > .perform_content_negotiation(self, request, force=False)< / a > < / h3 >
< h2 id = "dispatch-methods" > < a class = "toclink" href = "#dispatch-methods" > Dispatch methods< / a > < / h2 >
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< p > The following methods are called directly by the view's < code > .dispatch()< / code > method.
These perform any actions that need to occur before or after calling the handler methods such as < code > .get()< / code > , < code > .post()< / code > , < code > put()< / code > , < code > patch()< / code > and < code > .delete()< / code > .< / p >
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< h3 id = "initialself-request-42args-kwargs" > < a class = "toclink" href = "#initialself-request-42args-kwargs" > .initial(self, request, *args, **kwargs)< / a > < / h3 >
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< p > Performs any actions that need to occur before the handler method gets called.
This method is used to enforce permissions and throttling, and perform content negotiation.< / p >
< p > You won't typically need to override this method.< / p >
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< h3 id = "handle_exceptionself-exc" > < a class = "toclink" href = "#handle_exceptionself-exc" > .handle_exception(self, exc)< / a > < / h3 >
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< p > Any exception thrown by the handler method will be passed to this method, which either returns a < code > Response< / code > instance, or re-raises the exception.< / p >
< p > The default implementation handles any subclass of < code > rest_framework.exceptions.APIException< / code > , as well as Django's < code > Http404< / code > and < code > PermissionDenied< / code > exceptions, and returns an appropriate error response.< / p >
< p > If you need to customize the error responses your API returns you should subclass this method.< / p >
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< h3 id = "initialize_requestself-request-42args-kwargs" > < a class = "toclink" href = "#initialize_requestself-request-42args-kwargs" > .initialize_request(self, request, *args, **kwargs)< / a > < / h3 >
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< p > Ensures that the request object that is passed to the handler method is an instance of < code > Request< / code > , rather than the usual Django < code > HttpRequest< / code > .< / p >
< p > You won't typically need to override this method.< / p >
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< h3 id = "finalize_responseself-request-response-42args-kwargs" > < a class = "toclink" href = "#finalize_responseself-request-response-42args-kwargs" > .finalize_response(self, request, response, *args, **kwargs)< / a > < / h3 >
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< p > Ensures that any < code > Response< / code > object returned from the handler method will be rendered into the correct content type, as determined by the content negotiation.< / p >
< p > You won't typically need to override this method.< / p >
< hr / >
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< h1 id = "function-based-views" > < a class = "toclink" href = "#function-based-views" > Function Based Views< / a > < / h1 >
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< blockquote >
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< p > Saying [that class-based views] is always the superior solution is a mistake.< / p >
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< p > — < a href = "http://www.boredomandlaziness.org/2012/05/djangos-cbvs-are-not-mistake-but.html" > Nick Coghlan< / a > < / p >
< / blockquote >
< p > REST framework also allows you to work with regular function based views. It provides a set of simple decorators that wrap your function based views to ensure they receive an instance of < code > Request< / code > (rather than the usual Django < code > HttpRequest< / code > ) and allows them to return a < code > Response< / code > (instead of a Django < code > HttpResponse< / code > ), and allow you to configure how the request is processed.< / p >
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< h2 id = "api_view" > < a class = "toclink" href = "#api_view" > @api_view()< / a > < / h2 >
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< p > < strong > Signature:< / strong > < code > @api_view(http_method_names=['GET'])< / code > < / p >
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< p > The core of this functionality is the < code > api_view< / code > decorator, which takes a list of HTTP methods that your view should respond to. For example, this is how you would write a very simple view that just manually returns some data:< / p >
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< pre > < code > from rest_framework.decorators import api_view
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@api_view()
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def hello_world(request):
return Response({"message": "Hello, world!"})
< / code > < / pre >
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< p > This view will use the default renderers, parsers, authentication classes etc specified in the < a href = "../settings/" > settings< / a > .< / p >
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< p > By default only < code > GET< / code > methods will be accepted. Other methods will respond with "405 Method Not Allowed". To alter this behaviour, specify which methods the view allows, like so:< / p >
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< pre > < code > @api_view(['GET', 'POST'])
def hello_world(request):
if request.method == 'POST':
return Response({"message": "Got some data!", "data": request.data})
return Response({"message": "Hello, world!"})
< / code > < / pre >
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< h2 id = "api-policy-decorators" > < a class = "toclink" href = "#api-policy-decorators" > API policy decorators< / a > < / h2 >
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< p > To override the default settings, REST framework provides a set of additional decorators which can be added to your views. These must come < em > after< / em > (below) the < code > @api_view< / code > decorator. For example, to create a view that uses a < a href = "../throttling/" > throttle< / a > to ensure it can only be called once per day by a particular user, use the < code > @throttle_classes< / code > decorator, passing a list of throttle classes:< / p >
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< pre > < code > from rest_framework.decorators import api_view, throttle_classes
from rest_framework.throttling import UserRateThrottle
class OncePerDayUserThrottle(UserRateThrottle):
rate = '1/day'
@api_view(['GET'])
@throttle_classes([OncePerDayUserThrottle])
def view(request):
return Response({"message": "Hello for today! See you tomorrow!"})
< / code > < / pre >
< p > These decorators correspond to the attributes set on < code > APIView< / code > subclasses, described above.< / p >
< p > The available decorators are:< / p >
< ul >
< li > < code > @renderer_classes(...)< / code > < / li >
< li > < code > @parser_classes(...)< / code > < / li >
< li > < code > @authentication_classes(...)< / code > < / li >
< li > < code > @throttle_classes(...)< / code > < / li >
< li > < code > @permission_classes(...)< / code > < / li >
< / ul >
< p > Each of these decorators takes a single argument which must be a list or tuple of classes.< / p >
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< h2 id = "view-schema-decorator" > < a class = "toclink" href = "#view-schema-decorator" > View schema decorator< / a > < / h2 >
< p > To override the default schema generation for function based views you may use
the < code > @schema< / code > decorator. This must come < em > after< / em > (below) the < code > @api_view< / code >
decorator. For example:< / p >
< pre > < code > from rest_framework.decorators import api_view, schema
from rest_framework.schemas import AutoSchema
class CustomAutoSchema(AutoSchema):
def get_link(self, path, method, base_url):
# override view introspection here...
@api_view(['GET'])
@schema(CustomAutoSchema())
def view(request):
return Response({"message": "Hello for today! See you tomorrow!"})
< / code > < / pre >
< p > This decorator takes a single < code > AutoSchema< / code > instance, an < code > AutoSchema< / code > subclass
instance or < code > ManualSchema< / code > instance as described in the < a href = "../schemas/" > Schemas documentation< / a > .
You may pass < code > None< / code > in order to exclude the view from schema generation.< / p >
< pre > < code > @api_view(['GET'])
@schema(None)
def view(request):
return Response({"message": "Will not appear in schema!"})
< / code > < / pre >
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