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161 lines
8.0 KiB
Markdown
161 lines
8.0 KiB
Markdown
<a class="github" href="authentication.py"></a>
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# Authentication
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> Auth needs to be pluggable.
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>
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> — Jacob Kaplan-Moss, ["REST worst practices"][cite]
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Authentication is the mechanism of associating an incoming request with a set of identifying credentials, such as the user the request came from, or the token that it was signed with. The [permission] and [throttling] policies can then use those credentials to determine if the request should be permitted.
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REST framework provides a number of authentication policies out of the box, and also allows you to implement custom policies.
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Authentication will run the first time either the `request.user` or `request.auth` properties are accessed, and determines how those properties are initialized.
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The `request.user` property will typically be set to an instance of the `contrib.auth` package's `User` class.
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The `request.auth` property is used for any additional authentication information, for example, it may be used to represent an authentication token that the request was signed with.
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## How authentication is determined
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The authentication policy is always defined as a list of classes. REST framework will attempt to authenticate with each class in the list, and will set `request.user` and `request.auth` using the return value of the first class that successfully authenticates.
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If no class authenticates, `request.user` will be set to an instance of `django.contrib.auth.models.AnonymousUser`, and `request.auth` will be set to `None`.
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The value of `request.user` and `request.auth` for unauthenticated requests can be modified using the `UNAUTHENTICATED_USER` and `UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN` settings.
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## Setting the authentication policy
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The default authentication policy may be set globally, using the `DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES` setting. For example.
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REST_FRAMEWORK = {
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'DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES': (
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'rest_framework.authentication.BasicAuthentication',
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'rest_framework.authentication.SessionAuthentication',
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)
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}
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You can also set the authentication policy on a per-view basis, using the `APIView` class based views.
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class ExampleView(APIView):
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authentication_classes = (SessionAuthentication, BasicAuthentication)
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permission_classes = (IsAuthenticated,)
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def get(self, request, format=None):
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content = {
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'user': unicode(request.user), # `django.contrib.auth.User` instance.
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'auth': unicode(request.auth), # None
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}
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return Response(content)
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Or, if you're using the `@api_view` decorator with function based views.
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@api_view(['GET'])
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@authentication_classes((SessionAuthentication, BasicAuthentication))
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@permission_classes((IsAuthenticated,))
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def example_view(request, format=None):
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content = {
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'user': unicode(request.user), # `django.contrib.auth.User` instance.
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'auth': unicode(request.auth), # None
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}
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return Response(content)
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## Apache mod_wsgi Specific Configuration
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Unlike other HTTP headers, the authorisation header is not passed through to a WSGI application by default. This is the case as doing so could leak information about passwords through to a WSGI application which should not be able to see them when Apache is performing authentication.
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If it is desired that the WSGI application be responsible for handling user authentication, then it is necessary to explicitly configure mod_wsgi to pass the required headers through to the application. This can be done by specifying the WSGIPassAuthorization directive in the appropriate context and setting it to 'On'.
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# this can go in either server config, virtual host, directory or .htaccess
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WSGIPassAuthorization On
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[Reference to official mod_wsgi documentation][mod_wsgi_official]
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# API Reference
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## BasicAuthentication
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This policy uses [HTTP Basic Authentication][basicauth], signed against a user's username and password. Basic authentication is generally only appropriate for testing.
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If successfully authenticated, `BasicAuthentication` provides the following credentials.
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* `request.user` will be a Django `User` instance.
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* `request.auth` will be `None`.
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**Note:** If you use `BasicAuthentication` in production you must ensure that your API is only available over `https` only. You should also ensure that your API clients will always re-request the username and password at login, and will never store those details to persistent storage.
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## TokenAuthentication
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This policy uses a simple token-based HTTP Authentication scheme. Token authentication is appropriate for client-server setups, such as native desktop and mobile clients.
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To use the `TokenAuthentication` policy, include `rest_framework.authtoken` in your `INSTALLED_APPS` setting.
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You'll also need to create tokens for your users.
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from rest_framework.authtoken.models import Token
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token = Token.objects.create(user=...)
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print token.key
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For clients to authenticate, the token key should be included in the `Authorization` HTTP header. The key should be prefixed by the string literal "Token", with whitespace separating the two strings. For example:
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Authorization: Token 9944b09199c62bcf9418ad846dd0e4bbdfc6ee4b
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If successfully authenticated, `TokenAuthentication` provides the following credentials.
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* `request.user` will be a Django `User` instance.
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* `request.auth` will be a `rest_framework.tokenauth.models.BasicToken` instance.
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**Note:** If you use `TokenAuthentication` in production you must ensure that your API is only available over `https` only.
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If you want every user to have an automatically generated Token, you can simply catch the User's `post_save` signal.
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@receiver(post_save, sender=User)
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def create_auth_token(sender, instance=None, created=False, **kwargs):
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if created:
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Token.objects.create(user=instance)
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If you've already created some users, you can generate tokens for all existing users like this:
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from django.contrib.auth.models import User
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from rest_framework.authtoken.models import Token
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for user in User.objects.all():
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Token.objects.get_or_create(user=user)
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When using `TokenAuthentication`, you may want to provide a mechanism for clients to obtain a token given the username and password.
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REST framework provides a built-in view to provide this behavior. To use it, add the `obtain_auth_token` view to your URLconf:
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urlpatterns += patterns('',
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url(r'^api-token-auth/', 'rest_framework.authtoken.views.obtain_auth_token')
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)
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Note that the URL part of the pattern can be whatever you want to use.
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The `obtain_auth_token` view will return a JSON response when valid `username` and `password` fields are POSTed to the view using form data or JSON:
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{ 'token' : '9944b09199c62bcf9418ad846dd0e4bbdfc6ee4b' }
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## SessionAuthentication
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This policy uses Django's default session backend for authentication. Session authentication is appropriate for AJAX clients that are running in the same session context as your website.
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If successfully authenticated, `SessionAuthentication` provides the following credentials.
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* `request.user` will be a Django `User` instance.
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* `request.auth` will be `None`.
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If you're using an AJAX style API with SessionAuthentication, you'll need to make sure you include a valid CSRF token for any "unsafe" HTTP method calls, such as `PUT`, `POST` or `DELETE` requests. See the [Django CSRF documentation][csrf-ajax] for more details.
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# Custom authentication
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To implement a custom authentication policy, subclass `BaseAuthentication` and override the `.authenticate(self, request)` method. The method should return a two-tuple of `(user, auth)` if authentication succeeds, or `None` otherwise.
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[cite]: http://jacobian.org/writing/rest-worst-practices/
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[basicauth]: http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2617
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[oauth]: http://oauth.net/2/
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[permission]: permissions.md
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[throttling]: throttling.md
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[csrf-ajax]: https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/contrib/csrf/#ajax
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[mod_wsgi_official]: http://code.google.com/p/modwsgi/wiki/ConfigurationDirectives#WSGIPassAuthorization
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