spaCy/spacy/lang.pyx

# cython: profile=True
# cython: embedsignature=True
"""Common classes and utilities across languages.

Provides the main implementation for the spacy tokenizer. Specific languages
subclass the Language class, over-writing the tokenization rules as necessary.
Special-case tokenization rules are read from data/<lang>/tokenization .
"""
from __future__ import unicode_literals

import json
import random
from os import path
import re

from .util import read_lang_data
from spacy.tokens import Tokens
from spacy.lexeme cimport LexemeC, get_lexeme_dict, lexeme_pack, lexeme_unpack
from spacy.lexeme cimport LexStr_orig
from murmurhash.mrmr cimport hash64

from cpython.ref cimport Py_INCREF

from cymem.cymem cimport Pool

from cython.operator cimport preincrement as preinc
from cython.operator cimport dereference as deref

from preshed.maps cimport PreshMap
from spacy import orth
from spacy import util


cdef class Language:
    """Base class for language-specific tokenizers.

    The language's name is used to look up default data-files, found in data/<name.
    """
    def __init__(self, name, user_string_features, user_flag_features):
        self.name = name
        self._mem = Pool()
        self.cache = PreshMap(2 ** 25)
        self.specials = PreshMap(2 ** 16)
        rules, prefix, suffix, lexemes = util.read_lang_data(name)
        self.prefix_re = re.compile(prefix)
        self.suffix_re = re.compile(suffix)
        self.lexicon = Lexicon(lexemes)
        self._load_special_tokenization(rules)

    cpdef Lexeme lookup(self, unicode string):
        """Retrieve (or create, if not found) a Lexeme for a string, and return it.
    
        Args:
            string (unicode): The string to be looked up. Must be unicode, not bytes.

        Returns:
            lexeme (Lexeme): A reference to a lexical type.
        """
        return self.lexicon.lookup(string)

    cpdef Tokens tokenize(self, unicode string):
        """Tokenize a string.

        The tokenization rules are defined in three places:

        * The data/<lang>/tokenization table, which handles special cases like contractions;
        * The data/<lang>/prefix file, used to build a regex to split off prefixes;
        * The data/<lang>/suffix file, used to build a regex to split off suffixes.

        Args:
            string (unicode): The string to be tokenized. 

        Returns:
            tokens (Tokens): A Tokens object, giving access to a sequence of Lexemes.
        """
        cdef size_t length = len(string)
        cdef Tokens tokens = Tokens(length)
        if length == 0:
            return tokens

        cdef size_t start = 0
        cdef size_t i = 0
        cdef Py_UNICODE* chars = string
        cdef String span
        for i in range(length):
            if Py_UNICODE_ISSPACE(chars[i]) == 1:
                if start < i:
                    string_from_slice(&span, chars, start, i)
                    if not _extend_from_map(tokens.v, &span, self.cache):
                        self._tokenize(tokens.v, &span)
                start = i + 1
        i += 1
        if start < i:
            string_from_slice(&span, chars, start, i)
            if not _extend_from_map(tokens.v, &span, self.cache):
                self._tokenize(tokens.v, &span)
        return tokens

    cdef int _tokenize(self, vector[LexemeC*] *tokens_v, String* string) except -1:
        cdef size_t i
        cdef uint64_t orig_key = string.key
        cdef size_t orig_size = tokens_v.size()

        cdef vector[LexemeC*] prefixes
        cdef vector[LexemeC*] suffixes

        cdef String prefix
        cdef String suffix
        cdef String minus_pre
        cdef String minus_suf
        cdef size_t last_size = 0
        while string.n != 0 and string.n != last_size:
            last_size = string.n
            pre_len = self._find_prefix(string.chars, string.n)
            if pre_len != 0:
                string_from_slice(&prefix, string.chars, 0, pre_len)
                string_from_slice(&minus_pre, string.chars, pre_len, string.n)
                # Check whether we've hit a special-case
                if minus_pre.n >= 1 and self.specials.get(minus_pre.key) != NULL:
                    string = &minus_pre
                    prefixes.push_back(self.lexicon.get(&prefix))
                    break
            suf_len = self._find_suffix(string.chars, string.n)
            if suf_len != 0:
                string_from_slice(&suffix, string.chars, string.n - suf_len, string.n)
                string_from_slice(&minus_suf, string.chars, 0, string.n - suf_len)
                # Check whether we've hit a special-case
                if minus_suf.n >= 1 and self.specials.get(minus_suf.key) != NULL:
                    string = &minus_suf
                    suffixes.push_back(self.lexicon.get(&suffix))
                    break

            if pre_len and suf_len and (pre_len + suf_len) <= string.n:
                string_from_slice(string, string.chars, pre_len, string.n - suf_len)
                prefixes.push_back(self.lexicon.get(&prefix))
                suffixes.push_back(self.lexicon.get(&suffix))
            elif pre_len:
                string = &minus_pre
                prefixes.push_back(self.lexicon.get(&prefix))
            elif suf_len:
                string = &minus_suf
                suffixes.push_back(self.lexicon.get(&suffix))

            if self.specials.get(string.key):
                break

        self._attach_tokens(tokens_v, string, &prefixes, &suffixes)
        self._save_cached(tokens_v, orig_key, orig_size)

    cdef int _attach_tokens(self, vector[LexemeC*] *tokens, String* string,
                            vector[LexemeC*] *prefixes,
                            vector[LexemeC*] *suffixes) except -1:
        cdef size_t i
        cdef LexemeC** lexemes
        cdef LexemeC* lexeme
        for lexeme in deref(prefixes):
            tokens.push_back(lexeme)
        if string.n != 0:
            if not _extend_from_map(tokens, string, self.specials):
                tokens.push_back(self.lexicon.get(string))
        cdef vector[LexemeC*].reverse_iterator it = suffixes.rbegin()
        while it != suffixes.rend():
            tokens.push_back(deref(it))
            preinc(it)

    cdef int _save_cached(self, vector[LexemeC*] *tokens,
                          uint64_t key, size_t n) except -1:
        assert tokens.size() > n
        lexemes = <LexemeC**>self._mem.alloc((tokens.size() - n) + 1, sizeof(LexemeC**))
        cdef size_t i, j
        for i, j in enumerate(range(n, tokens.size())):
            lexemes[i] = tokens.at(j)
        lexemes[i + 1] = NULL
        self.cache.set(key, lexemes)
    
    cdef int _find_prefix(self, Py_UNICODE* chars, size_t length) except -1:
        cdef unicode string = chars[:length]
        match = self.prefix_re.search(string)
        if match is None:
            return 0
        else:
            return match.end() - match.start()

    cdef int _find_suffix(self, Py_UNICODE* chars, size_t length):
        cdef unicode string = chars[:length]
        match = self.suffix_re.search(string)
        if match is None:
            return 0
        else:
            return match.end() - match.start()

    def _load_special_tokenization(self, token_rules):
        '''Load special-case tokenization rules.

        Loads special-case tokenization rules into the Language.cache cache,
        read from data/<lang>/tokenization . The special cases are loaded before
        any language data is tokenized, giving these priority.  For instance,
        the English tokenization rules map "ain't" to ["are", "not"].

        Args:
            token_rules (list): A list of (chunk, tokens) pairs, where chunk is
                a string and tokens is a list of strings.
        '''
        cdef LexemeC** lexemes
        cdef uint64_t hashed
        cdef String string
        for uni_string, substrings in token_rules:
            lexemes = <LexemeC**>self._mem.alloc(len(substrings) + 1, sizeof(LexemeC*))
            for i, substring in enumerate(substrings):
                string_from_unicode(&string, substring)
                lexemes[i] = <LexemeC*>self.lexicon.get(&string)
            lexemes[i + 1] = NULL
            string_from_unicode(&string, uni_string)
            self.specials.set(string.key, lexemes)
            self.cache.set(string.key, lexemes)


cdef class Lexicon:
    def __cinit__(self, lexemes):
        self._mem = Pool()
        self._dict = PreshMap(2 ** 20)
        self.size = 0
        cdef String string
        cdef dict lexeme_dict
        cdef LexemeC* lexeme
        for lexeme_dict in lexemes:
            string_from_unicode(&string, lexeme_dict['string'])
            lexeme = <LexemeC*>self._mem.alloc(1, sizeof(LexemeC))
            lexeme_unpack(lexeme, lexeme_dict)
            self._dict.set(string.key, lexeme)
            self.lexemes.push_back(lexeme)
            self.size += 1

    cdef LexemeC* get(self, String* string) except NULL:
        cdef LexemeC* lex
        lex = <LexemeC*>self._dict.get(string.key)
        if lex != NULL:
            return lex

        lex = <LexemeC*>self._mem.alloc(1, sizeof(LexemeC))
        cdef unicode unicode_string = string.chars[:string.n]
        lexeme_unpack(lex, get_lexeme_dict(self.size, unicode_string))
        self._dict.set(string.key, lex)
        self.lexemes.push_back(lex)
        self.size += 1
        return lex

    cpdef Lexeme lookup(self, unicode uni_string):
        """Retrieve (or create, if not found) a Lexeme for a string, and return it.
    
        Args
            string (unicode):  The string to be looked up. Must be unicode, not bytes.

        Returns:
            lexeme (Lexeme): A reference to a lexical type.
        """
        cdef String string
        string_from_unicode(&string, uni_string)
        cdef LexemeC* lexeme = self.get(&string)
        return Lexeme(<size_t>lexeme)


cdef int _extend_from_map(vector[LexemeC*] *tokens, String* string, PreshMap map_) except -1:
    lexemes = <LexemeC**>map_.get(string.key)
    if lexemes == NULL:
        return 0
    cdef size_t i = 0
    while lexemes[i] != NULL:
        tokens.push_back(lexemes[i])
        i += 1
    return 1


cdef void string_from_unicode(String* s, unicode uni):
    cdef Py_UNICODE* c_uni = <Py_UNICODE*>uni
    string_from_slice(s, c_uni, 0, len(uni))


cdef inline void string_from_slice(String* s, Py_UNICODE* chars, size_t start, size_t end) nogil:
    s.chars = &chars[start]
    s.n = end - start
    s.key = hash64(s.chars, s.n * sizeof(Py_UNICODE), 0)


cdef inline void string_slice_prefix(String* s, String* prefix, size_t n) nogil:
    string_from_slice(prefix, s.chars, 0, n)
    s.chars += n
    s.n -= n
    s.key = hash64(s.chars, s.n * sizeof(Py_UNICODE), 0)


cdef inline void string_slice_suffix(String* s, String* suffix, size_t n) nogil:
    string_from_slice(suffix, s.chars, s.n - n, s.n)
    s.n -= n
    s.key = hash64(s.chars, s.n * sizeof(Py_UNICODE), 0)