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When you call nlp on a text, spaCy first tokenizes the text to produce a Doc
object. The Doc is then processed in several different steps – this is also
referred to as the processing pipeline. The pipeline used by the
default models consists of a tagger, a parser and an entity
recognizer. Each pipeline component returns the processed Doc, which is then
passed on to the next component.
- Name: ID of the pipeline component.
- Component: spaCy's implementation of the component.
- Creates: Objects, attributes and properties modified and set by the component.
| Name | Component | Creates | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| tokenizer | Tokenizer |
Doc |
Segment text into tokens. |
| tagger | Tagger |
Token.tag |
Assign part-of-speech tags. |
| parser | DependencyParser |
Token.head, Token.dep, Doc.sents, Doc.noun_chunks |
Assign dependency labels. |
| ner | EntityRecognizer |
Doc.ents, Token.ent_iob, Token.ent_type |
Detect and label named entities. |
| lemmatizer | Lemmatizer |
Token.lemma |
Assign base forms. |
| textcat | TextCategorizer |
Doc.cats |
Assign document labels. |
| custom | custom components | Doc._.xxx, Token._.xxx, Span._.xxx |
Assign custom attributes, methods or properties. |
The processing pipeline always depends on the statistical model and its capabilities. For example, a pipeline can only include an entity recognizer component if the model includes data to make predictions of entity labels. This is why each model will specify the pipeline to use in its meta data and config, as a simple list containing the component names:
pipeline = ["tagger", "parser", "ner"]
import Accordion from 'components/accordion.js'
In spaCy v2.x, the statistical components like the tagger or parser are independent and don't share any data between themselves. For example, the named entity recognizer doesn't use any features set by the tagger and parser, and so on. This means that you can swap them, or remove single components from the pipeline without affecting the others.
However, custom components may depend on annotations set by other components.
For example, a custom lemmatizer may need the part-of-speech tags assigned, so
it'll only work if it's added after the tagger. The parser will respect
pre-defined sentence boundaries, so if a previous component in the pipeline sets
them, its dependency predictions may be different. Similarly, it matters if you
add the EntityRuler before or after the statistical entity
recognizer: if it's added before, the entity recognizer will take the existing
entities into account when making predictions. The
EntityLinker, which resolves named entities to knowledge
base IDs, should be preceded by a pipeline component that recognizes entities
such as the EntityRecognizer.
The tokenizer is a "special" component and isn't part of the regular pipeline.
It also doesn't show up in nlp.pipe_names. The reason is that there can only
really be one tokenizer, and while all other pipeline components take a Doc
and return it, the tokenizer takes a string of text and turns it into a
Doc. You can still customize the tokenizer, though. nlp.tokenizer is
writable, so you can either create your own
Tokenizer class from scratch,
or even replace it with an
entirely custom function.