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1566 lines
69 KiB
Markdown
1566 lines
69 KiB
Markdown
---
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title: Training Pipelines & Models
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teaser: Train and update components on your own data and integrate custom models
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next: /usage/layers-architectures
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menu:
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- ['Introduction', 'basics']
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- ['Quickstart', 'quickstart']
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- ['Config System', 'config']
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- ['Custom Training', 'config-custom']
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- ['Custom Functions', 'custom-functions']
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- ['Initialization', 'initialization']
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- ['Data Utilities', 'data']
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- ['Parallel Training', 'parallel-training']
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- ['Internal API', 'api']
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---
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## Introduction to training {#basics hidden="true"}
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import Training101 from 'usage/101/\_training.md'
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<Training101 />
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<Infobox title="Tip: Try the Prodigy annotation tool">
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[](https://prodi.gy)
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If you need to label a lot of data, check out [Prodigy](https://prodi.gy), a
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new, active learning-powered annotation tool we've developed. Prodigy is fast
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and extensible, and comes with a modern **web application** that helps you
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collect training data faster. It integrates seamlessly with spaCy, pre-selects
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the **most relevant examples** for annotation, and lets you train and evaluate
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ready-to-use spaCy pipelines.
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</Infobox>
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## Quickstart {#quickstart tag="new"}
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The recommended way to train your spaCy pipelines is via the
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[`spacy train`](/api/cli#train) command on the command line. It only needs a
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single [`config.cfg`](#config) **configuration file** that includes all settings
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and hyperparameters. You can optionally [overwrite](#config-overrides) settings
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on the command line, and load in a Python file to register
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[custom functions](#custom-code) and architectures. This quickstart widget helps
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you generate a starter config with the **recommended settings** for your
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specific use case. It's also available in spaCy as the
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[`init config`](/api/cli#init-config) command.
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> #### Instructions: widget
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>
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> 1. Select your requirements and settings.
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> 2. Use the buttons at the bottom to save the result to your clipboard or a
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> file `base_config.cfg`.
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> 3. Run [`init fill-config`](/api/cli#init-fill-config) to create a full
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> config.
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> 4. Run [`train`](/api/cli#train) with your config and data.
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>
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> #### Instructions: CLI
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>
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> 1. Run the [`init config`](/api/cli#init-config) command and specify your
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> requirements and settings as CLI arguments.
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> 2. Run [`train`](/api/cli#train) with the exported config and data.
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import QuickstartTraining from 'widgets/quickstart-training.js'
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<QuickstartTraining />
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After you've saved the starter config to a file `base_config.cfg`, you can use
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the [`init fill-config`](/api/cli#init-fill-config) command to fill in the
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remaining defaults. Training configs should always be **complete and without
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hidden defaults**, to keep your experiments reproducible.
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```cli
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$ python -m spacy init fill-config base_config.cfg config.cfg
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```
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> #### Tip: Debug your data
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>
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> The [`debug data` command](/api/cli#debug-data) lets you analyze and validate
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> your training and development data, get useful stats, and find problems like
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> invalid entity annotations, cyclic dependencies, low data labels and more.
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>
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> ```cli
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> $ python -m spacy debug data config.cfg
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> ```
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Instead of exporting your starter config from the quickstart widget and
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auto-filling it, you can also use the [`init config`](/api/cli#init-config)
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command and specify your requirement and settings as CLI arguments. You can now
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add your data and run [`train`](/api/cli#train) with your config. See the
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[`convert`](/api/cli#convert) command for details on how to convert your data to
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spaCy's binary `.spacy` format. You can either include the data paths in the
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`[paths]` section of your config, or pass them in via the command line.
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```cli
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$ python -m spacy train config.cfg --output ./output --paths.train ./train.spacy --paths.dev ./dev.spacy
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```
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<Accordion title="How are the config recommendations generated?" id="quickstart-source" spaced>
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The recommended config settings generated by the quickstart widget and the
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[`init config`](/api/cli#init-config) command are based on some general **best
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practices** and things we've found to work well in our experiments. The goal is
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to provide you with the most **useful defaults**.
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Under the hood, the
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[`quickstart_training.jinja`](%%GITHUB_SPACY/spacy/cli/templates/quickstart_training.jinja)
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template defines the different combinations – for example, which parameters to
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change if the pipeline should optimize for efficiency vs. accuracy. The file
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[`quickstart_training_recommendations.yml`](%%GITHUB_SPACY/spacy/cli/templates/quickstart_training_recommendations.yml)
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collects the recommended settings and available resources for each language
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including the different transformer weights. For some languages, we include
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different transformer recommendations, depending on whether you want the model
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to be more efficient or more accurate. The recommendations will be **evolving**
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as we run more experiments.
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</Accordion>
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<Project id="pipelines/tagger_parser_ud">
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The easiest way to get started is to clone a [project template](/usage/projects)
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and run it – for example, this end-to-end template that lets you train a
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**part-of-speech tagger** and **dependency parser** on a Universal Dependencies
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treebank.
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</Project>
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## Training config system {#config}
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Training config files include all **settings and hyperparameters** for training
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your pipeline. Instead of providing lots of arguments on the command line, you
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only need to pass your `config.cfg` file to [`spacy train`](/api/cli#train).
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Under the hood, the training config uses the
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[configuration system](https://thinc.ai/docs/usage-config) provided by our
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machine learning library [Thinc](https://thinc.ai). This also makes it easy to
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integrate custom models and architectures, written in your framework of choice.
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Some of the main advantages and features of spaCy's training config are:
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- **Structured sections.** The config is grouped into sections, and nested
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sections are defined using the `.` notation. For example, `[components.ner]`
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defines the settings for the pipeline's named entity recognizer. The config
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can be loaded as a Python dict.
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- **References to registered functions.** Sections can refer to registered
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functions like [model architectures](/api/architectures),
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[optimizers](https://thinc.ai/docs/api-optimizers) or
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[schedules](https://thinc.ai/docs/api-schedules) and define arguments that are
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passed into them. You can also
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[register your own functions](#custom-functions) to define custom
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architectures or methods, reference them in your config and tweak their
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parameters.
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- **Interpolation.** If you have hyperparameters or other settings used by
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multiple components, define them once and reference them as
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[variables](#config-interpolation).
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- **Reproducibility with no hidden defaults.** The config file is the "single
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source of truth" and includes all settings.
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- **Automated checks and validation.** When you load a config, spaCy checks if
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the settings are complete and if all values have the correct types. This lets
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you catch potential mistakes early. In your custom architectures, you can use
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Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html) to tell the
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config which types of data to expect.
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```ini
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%%GITHUB_SPACY/spacy/default_config.cfg
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```
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Under the hood, the config is parsed into a dictionary. It's divided into
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sections and subsections, indicated by the square brackets and dot notation. For
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example, `[training]` is a section and `[training.batch_size]` a subsection.
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Subsections can define values, just like a dictionary, or use the `@` syntax to
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refer to [registered functions](#config-functions). This allows the config to
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not just define static settings, but also construct objects like architectures,
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schedules, optimizers or any other custom components. The main top-level
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sections of a config file are:
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| Section | Description |
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| ------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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| `nlp` | Definition of the `nlp` object, its tokenizer and [processing pipeline](/usage/processing-pipelines) component names. |
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| `components` | Definitions of the [pipeline components](/usage/processing-pipelines) and their models. |
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| `paths` | Paths to data and other assets. Re-used across the config as variables, e.g. `${paths.train}`, and can be [overwritten](#config-overrides) on the CLI. |
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| `system` | Settings related to system and hardware. Re-used across the config as variables, e.g. `${system.seed}`, and can be [overwritten](#config-overrides) on the CLI. |
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| `training` | Settings and controls for the training and evaluation process. |
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| `pretraining` | Optional settings and controls for the [language model pretraining](/usage/embeddings-transformers#pretraining). |
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| `initialize` | Data resources and arguments passed to components when [`nlp.initialize`](/api/language#initialize) is called before training (but not at runtime). |
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<Infobox title="Config format and settings" emoji="📖">
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For a full overview of spaCy's config format and settings, see the
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[data format documentation](/api/data-formats#config) and
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[Thinc's config system docs](https://thinc.ai/usage/config). The settings
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available for the different architectures are documented with the
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[model architectures API](/api/architectures). See the Thinc documentation for
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[optimizers](https://thinc.ai/docs/api-optimizers) and
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[schedules](https://thinc.ai/docs/api-schedules).
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</Infobox>
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### Config lifecycle at runtime and training {#config-lifecycle}
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A pipeline's `config.cfg` is considered the "single source of truth", both at
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**training** and **runtime**. Under the hood,
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[`Language.from_config`](/api/language#from_config) takes care of constructing
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the `nlp` object using the settings defined in the config. An `nlp` object's
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config is available as [`nlp.config`](/api/language#config) and it includes all
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information about the pipeline, as well as the settings used to train and
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initialize it.
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At runtime spaCy will only use the `[nlp]` and `[components]` blocks of the
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config and load all data, including tokenization rules, model weights and other
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resources from the pipeline directory. The `[training]` block contains the
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settings for training the model and is only used during training. Similarly, the
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`[initialize]` block defines how the initial `nlp` object should be set up
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before training and whether it should be initialized with vectors or pretrained
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tok2vec weights, or any other data needed by the components.
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The initialization settings are only loaded and used when
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[`nlp.initialize`](/api/language#initialize) is called (typically right before
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training). This allows you to set up your pipeline using local data resources
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and custom functions, and preserve the information in your config – but without
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requiring it to be available at runtime. You can also use this mechanism to
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provide data paths to custom pipeline components and custom tokenizers – see the
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section on [custom initialization](#initialization) for details.
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### Overwriting config settings on the command line {#config-overrides}
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The config system means that you can define all settings **in one place** and in
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a consistent format. There are no command-line arguments that need to be set,
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and no hidden defaults. However, there can still be scenarios where you may want
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to override config settings when you run [`spacy train`](/api/cli#train). This
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includes **file paths** to vectors or other resources that shouldn't be
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hard-code in a config file, or **system-dependent settings**.
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For cases like this, you can set additional command-line options starting with
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`--` that correspond to the config section and value to override. For example,
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`--paths.train ./corpus/train.spacy` sets the `train` value in the `[paths]`
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block.
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```cli
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$ python -m spacy train config.cfg --paths.train ./corpus/train.spacy --paths.dev ./corpus/dev.spacy --training.batch_size 128
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```
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Only existing sections and values in the config can be overwritten. At the end
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of the training, the final filled `config.cfg` is exported with your pipeline,
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so you'll always have a record of the settings that were used, including your
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overrides. Overrides are added before [variables](#config-interpolation) are
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resolved, by the way – so if you need to use a value in multiple places,
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reference it across your config and override it on the CLI once.
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> #### 💡 Tip: Verbose logging
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>
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> If you're using config overrides, you can set the `--verbose` flag on
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> [`spacy train`](/api/cli#train) to make spaCy log more info, including which
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> overrides were set via the CLI and environment variables.
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#### Adding overrides via environment variables {#config-overrides-env}
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Instead of defining the overrides as CLI arguments, you can also use the
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`SPACY_CONFIG_OVERRIDES` environment variable using the same argument syntax.
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This is especially useful if you're training models as part of an automated
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process. Environment variables **take precedence** over CLI overrides and values
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defined in the config file.
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```cli
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$ SPACY_CONFIG_OVERRIDES="--system.gpu_allocator pytorch --training.batch_size 128" ./your_script.sh
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```
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### Reading from standard input {#config-stdin}
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Setting the config path to `-` on the command line lets you read the config from
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standard input and pipe it forward from a different process, like
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[`init config`](/api/cli#init-config) or your own custom script. This is
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especially useful for quick experiments, as it lets you generate a config on the
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fly without having to save to and load from disk.
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> #### 💡 Tip: Writing to stdout
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>
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> When you run `init config`, you can set the output path to `-` to write to
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> stdout. In a custom script, you can print the string config, e.g.
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> `print(nlp.config.to_str())`.
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```cli
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$ python -m spacy init config - --lang en --pipeline ner,textcat --optimize accuracy | python -m spacy train - --paths.train ./corpus/train.spacy --paths.dev ./corpus/dev.spacy
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```
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<!-- TODO: add reference to Prodigy's commands once Prodigy nightly is available -->
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### Using variable interpolation {#config-interpolation}
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Another very useful feature of the config system is that it supports variable
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interpolation for both **values and sections**. This means that you only need to
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define a setting once and can reference it across your config using the
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`${section.value}` syntax. In this example, the value of `seed` is reused within
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the `[training]` block, and the whole block of `[training.optimizer]` is reused
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in `[pretraining]` and will become `pretraining.optimizer`.
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```ini
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### config.cfg (excerpt) {highlight="5,18"}
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[system]
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seed = 0
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[training]
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seed = ${system.seed}
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[training.optimizer]
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@optimizers = "Adam.v1"
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beta1 = 0.9
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beta2 = 0.999
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L2_is_weight_decay = true
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L2 = 0.01
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grad_clip = 1.0
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use_averages = false
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eps = 1e-8
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[pretraining]
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optimizer = ${training.optimizer}
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```
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You can also use variables inside strings. In that case, it works just like
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f-strings in Python. If the value of a variable is not a string, it's converted
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to a string.
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```ini
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[paths]
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version = 5
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root = "/Users/you/data"
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train = "${paths.root}/train_${paths.version}.spacy"
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# Result: /Users/you/data/train_5.spacy
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```
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<Infobox title="Tip: Override variables on the CLI" emoji="💡">
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If you need to change certain values between training runs, you can define them
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once, reference them as variables and then [override](#config-overrides) them on
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the CLI. For example, `--paths.root /other/root` will change the value of `root`
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in the block `[paths]` and the change will be reflected across all other values
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that reference this variable.
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</Infobox>
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## Customizing the pipeline and training {#config-custom}
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### Defining pipeline components {#config-components}
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You typically train a [pipeline](/usage/processing-pipelines) of **one or more
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components**. The `[components]` block in the config defines the available
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pipeline components and how they should be created – either by a built-in or
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custom [factory](/usage/processing-pipelines#built-in), or
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[sourced](/usage/processing-pipelines#sourced-components) from an existing
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trained pipeline. For example, `[components.parser]` defines the component named
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`"parser"` in the pipeline. There are different ways you might want to treat
|
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your components during training, and the most common scenarios are:
|
||
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1. Train a **new component** from scratch on your data.
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||
2. Update an existing **trained component** with more examples.
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||
3. Include an existing trained component without updating it.
|
||
4. Include a non-trainable component, like a rule-based
|
||
[`EntityRuler`](/api/entityruler) or [`Sentencizer`](/api/sentencizer), or a
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fully [custom component](/usage/processing-pipelines#custom-components).
|
||
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If a component block defines a `factory`, spaCy will look it up in the
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[built-in](/usage/processing-pipelines#built-in) or
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[custom](/usage/processing-pipelines#custom-components) components and create a
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||
new component from scratch. All settings defined in the config block will be
|
||
passed to the component factory as arguments. This lets you configure the model
|
||
settings and hyperparameters. If a component block defines a `source`, the
|
||
component will be copied over from an existing trained pipeline, with its
|
||
existing weights. This lets you include an already trained component in your
|
||
pipeline, or update a trained component with more data specific to your use
|
||
case.
|
||
|
||
```ini
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||
### config.cfg (excerpt)
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||
[components]
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# "parser" and "ner" are sourced from a trained pipeline
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[components.parser]
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source = "en_core_web_sm"
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|
||
[components.ner]
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||
source = "en_core_web_sm"
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||
|
||
# "textcat" and "custom" are created blank from a built-in / custom factory
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||
[components.textcat]
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||
factory = "textcat"
|
||
|
||
[components.custom]
|
||
factory = "your_custom_factory"
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||
your_custom_setting = true
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||
```
|
||
|
||
The `pipeline` setting in the `[nlp]` block defines the pipeline components
|
||
added to the pipeline, in order. For example, `"parser"` here references
|
||
`[components.parser]`. By default, spaCy will **update all components that can
|
||
be updated**. Trainable components that are created from scratch are initialized
|
||
with random weights. For sourced components, spaCy will keep the existing
|
||
weights and [resume training](/api/language#resume_training).
|
||
|
||
If you don't want a component to be updated, you can **freeze** it by adding it
|
||
to the `frozen_components` list in the `[training]` block. Frozen components are
|
||
**not updated** during training and are included in the final trained pipeline
|
||
as-is. They are also excluded when calling
|
||
[`nlp.initialize`](/api/language#initialize).
|
||
|
||
> #### Note on frozen components
|
||
>
|
||
> Even though frozen components are not **updated** during training, they will
|
||
> still **run** during training and evaluation. This is very important, because
|
||
> they may still impact your model's performance – for instance, a sentence
|
||
> boundary detector can impact what the parser or entity recognizer considers a
|
||
> valid parse. So the evaluation results should always reflect what your
|
||
> pipeline will produce at runtime.
|
||
|
||
```ini
|
||
[nlp]
|
||
lang = "en"
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||
pipeline = ["parser", "ner", "textcat", "custom"]
|
||
|
||
[training]
|
||
frozen_components = ["parser", "custom"]
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
<Infobox variant="warning" title="Shared Tok2Vec listener layer">
|
||
|
||
When the components in your pipeline
|
||
[share an embedding layer](/usage/embeddings-transformers#embedding-layers), the
|
||
**performance** of your frozen component will be **degraded** if you continue
|
||
training other layers with the same underlying `Tok2Vec` instance. As a rule of
|
||
thumb, ensure that your frozen components are truly **independent** in the
|
||
pipeline.
|
||
|
||
To automatically replace a shared token-to-vector listener with an independent
|
||
copy of the token-to-vector layer, you can use the `replace_listeners` setting
|
||
of a sourced component, pointing to the listener layer(s) in the config. For
|
||
more details on how this works under the hood, see
|
||
[`Language.replace_listeners`](/api/language#replace_listeners).
|
||
|
||
```ini
|
||
[training]
|
||
frozen_components = ["tagger"]
|
||
|
||
[components.tagger]
|
||
source = "en_core_web_sm"
|
||
replace_listeners = ["model.tok2vec"]
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
</Infobox>
|
||
|
||
### Using registered functions {#config-functions}
|
||
|
||
The training configuration defined in the config file doesn't have to only
|
||
consist of static values. Some settings can also be **functions**. For instance,
|
||
the `batch_size` can be a number that doesn't change, or a schedule, like a
|
||
sequence of compounding values, which has shown to be an effective trick (see
|
||
[Smith et al., 2017](https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.00489)).
|
||
|
||
```ini
|
||
### With static value
|
||
[training]
|
||
batch_size = 128
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
To refer to a function instead, you can make `[training.batch_size]` its own
|
||
section and use the `@` syntax to specify the function and its arguments – in
|
||
this case [`compounding.v1`](https://thinc.ai/docs/api-schedules#compounding)
|
||
defined in the [function registry](/api/top-level#registry). All other values
|
||
defined in the block are passed to the function as keyword arguments when it's
|
||
initialized. You can also use this mechanism to register
|
||
[custom implementations and architectures](#custom-functions) and reference them
|
||
from your configs.
|
||
|
||
> #### How the config is resolved
|
||
>
|
||
> The config file is parsed into a regular dictionary and is resolved and
|
||
> validated **bottom-up**. Arguments provided for registered functions are
|
||
> checked against the function's signature and type annotations. The return
|
||
> value of a registered function can also be passed into another function – for
|
||
> instance, a learning rate schedule can be provided as the an argument of an
|
||
> optimizer.
|
||
|
||
```ini
|
||
### With registered function
|
||
[training.batch_size]
|
||
@schedules = "compounding.v1"
|
||
start = 100
|
||
stop = 1000
|
||
compound = 1.001
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### Model architectures {#model-architectures}
|
||
|
||
> #### 💡 Model type annotations
|
||
>
|
||
> In the documentation and code base, you may come across type annotations and
|
||
> descriptions of [Thinc](https://thinc.ai) model types, like ~~Model[List[Doc],
|
||
> List[Floats2d]]~~. This so-called generic type describes the layer and its
|
||
> input and output type – in this case, it takes a list of `Doc` objects as the
|
||
> input and list of 2-dimensional arrays of floats as the output. You can read
|
||
> more about defining Thinc models [here](https://thinc.ai/docs/usage-models).
|
||
> Also see the [type checking](https://thinc.ai/docs/usage-type-checking) for
|
||
> how to enable linting in your editor to see live feedback if your inputs and
|
||
> outputs don't match.
|
||
|
||
A **model architecture** is a function that wires up a Thinc
|
||
[`Model`](https://thinc.ai/docs/api-model) instance, which you can then use in a
|
||
component or as a layer of a larger network. You can use Thinc as a thin
|
||
[wrapper around frameworks](https://thinc.ai/docs/usage-frameworks) such as
|
||
PyTorch, TensorFlow or MXNet, or you can implement your logic in Thinc
|
||
[directly](https://thinc.ai/docs/usage-models). For more details and examples,
|
||
see the usage guide on [layers and architectures](/usage/layers-architectures).
|
||
|
||
spaCy's built-in components will never construct their `Model` instances
|
||
themselves, so you won't have to subclass the component to change its model
|
||
architecture. You can just **update the config** so that it refers to a
|
||
different registered function. Once the component has been created, its `Model`
|
||
instance has already been assigned, so you cannot change its model architecture.
|
||
The architecture is like a recipe for the network, and you can't change the
|
||
recipe once the dish has already been prepared. You have to make a new one.
|
||
spaCy includes a variety of built-in [architectures](/api/architectures) for
|
||
different tasks. For example:
|
||
|
||
| Architecture | Description |
|
||
| ----------------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
|
||
| [HashEmbedCNN](/api/architectures#HashEmbedCNN) | Build spaCy’s "standard" embedding layer, which uses hash embedding with subword features and a CNN with layer-normalized maxout. ~~Model[List[Doc], List[Floats2d]]~~ |
|
||
| [TransitionBasedParser](/api/architectures#TransitionBasedParser) | Build a [transition-based parser](https://explosion.ai/blog/parsing-english-in-python) model used in the default [`EntityRecognizer`](/api/entityrecognizer) and [`DependencyParser`](/api/dependencyparser). ~~Model[List[Docs], List[List[Floats2d]]]~~ |
|
||
| [TextCatEnsemble](/api/architectures#TextCatEnsemble) | Stacked ensemble of a bag-of-words model and a neural network model with an internal CNN embedding layer. Used in the default [`TextCategorizer`](/api/textcategorizer). ~~Model[List[Doc], Floats2d]~~ |
|
||
|
||
### Metrics, training output and weighted scores {#metrics}
|
||
|
||
When you train a pipeline using the [`spacy train`](/api/cli#train) command,
|
||
you'll see a table showing the metrics after each pass over the data. The
|
||
available metrics **depend on the pipeline components**. Pipeline components
|
||
also define which scores are shown and how they should be **weighted in the
|
||
final score** that decides about the best model.
|
||
|
||
The `training.score_weights` setting in your `config.cfg` lets you customize the
|
||
scores shown in the table and how they should be weighted. In this example, the
|
||
labeled dependency accuracy and NER F-score count towards the final score with
|
||
40% each and the tagging accuracy makes up the remaining 20%. The tokenization
|
||
accuracy and speed are both shown in the table, but not counted towards the
|
||
score.
|
||
|
||
> #### Why do I need score weights?
|
||
>
|
||
> At the end of your training process, you typically want to select the **best
|
||
> model** – but what "best" means depends on the available components and your
|
||
> specific use case. For instance, you may prefer a pipeline with higher NER and
|
||
> lower POS tagging accuracy over a pipeline with lower NER and higher POS
|
||
> accuracy. You can express this preference in the score weights, e.g. by
|
||
> assigning `ents_f` (NER F-score) a higher weight.
|
||
|
||
```ini
|
||
[training.score_weights]
|
||
dep_las = 0.4
|
||
dep_uas = null
|
||
ents_f = 0.4
|
||
tag_acc = 0.2
|
||
token_acc = 0.0
|
||
speed = 0.0
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
The `score_weights` don't _have to_ sum to `1.0` – but it's recommended. When
|
||
you generate a config for a given pipeline, the score weights are generated by
|
||
combining and normalizing the default score weights of the pipeline components.
|
||
The default score weights are defined by each pipeline component via the
|
||
`default_score_weights` setting on the
|
||
[`@Language.factory`](/api/language#factory) decorator. By default, all pipeline
|
||
components are weighted equally. If a score weight is set to `null`, it will be
|
||
excluded from the logs and the score won't be weighted.
|
||
|
||
<Accordion title="Understanding the training output and score types" spaced>
|
||
|
||
| Name | Description |
|
||
| -------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
|
||
| **Loss** | The training loss representing the amount of work left for the optimizer. Should decrease, but usually not to `0`. |
|
||
| **Precision** (P) | Percentage of predicted annotations that were correct. Should increase. |
|
||
| **Recall** (R) | Percentage of reference annotations recovered. Should increase. |
|
||
| **F-Score** (F) | Harmonic mean of precision and recall. Should increase. |
|
||
| **UAS** / **LAS** | Unlabeled and labeled attachment score for the dependency parser, i.e. the percentage of correct arcs. Should increase. |
|
||
| **Words per second** (WPS) | Prediction speed in words per second. Should stay stable. |
|
||
|
||
Note that if the development data has raw text, some of the gold-standard
|
||
entities might not align to the predicted tokenization. These tokenization
|
||
errors are **excluded from the NER evaluation**. If your tokenization makes it
|
||
impossible for the model to predict 50% of your entities, your NER F-score might
|
||
still look good.
|
||
|
||
</Accordion>
|
||
|
||
## Custom functions {#custom-functions}
|
||
|
||
Registered functions in the training config files can refer to built-in
|
||
implementations, but you can also plug in fully **custom implementations**. All
|
||
you need to do is register your function using the `@spacy.registry` decorator
|
||
with the name of the respective [registry](/api/top-level#registry), e.g.
|
||
`@spacy.registry.architectures`, and a string name to assign to your function.
|
||
Registering custom functions allows you to **plug in models** defined in PyTorch
|
||
or TensorFlow, make **custom modifications** to the `nlp` object, create custom
|
||
optimizers or schedules, or **stream in data** and preprocesses it on the fly
|
||
while training.
|
||
|
||
Each custom function can have any number of arguments that are passed in via the
|
||
[config](#config), just the built-in functions. If your function defines
|
||
**default argument values**, spaCy is able to auto-fill your config when you run
|
||
[`init fill-config`](/api/cli#init-fill-config). If you want to make sure that a
|
||
given parameter is always explicitly set in the config, avoid setting a default
|
||
value for it.
|
||
|
||
### Training with custom code {#custom-code}
|
||
|
||
> ```cli
|
||
> ### Training
|
||
> $ python -m spacy train config.cfg --code functions.py
|
||
> ```
|
||
>
|
||
> ```cli
|
||
> ### Packaging
|
||
> $ python -m spacy package ./model-best ./packages --code functions.py
|
||
> ```
|
||
|
||
The [`spacy train`](/api/cli#train) recipe lets you specify an optional argument
|
||
`--code` that points to a Python file. The file is imported before training and
|
||
allows you to add custom functions and architectures to the function registry
|
||
that can then be referenced from your `config.cfg`. This lets you train spaCy
|
||
pipelines with custom components, without having to re-implement the whole
|
||
training workflow. When you package your trained pipeline later using
|
||
[`spacy package`](/api/cli#package), you can provide one or more Python files to
|
||
be included in the package and imported in its `__init__.py`. This means that
|
||
any custom architectures, functions or
|
||
[components](/usage/processing-pipelines#custom-components) will be shipped with
|
||
your pipeline and registered when it's loaded. See the documentation on
|
||
[saving and loading pipelines](/usage/saving-loading#models-custom) for details.
|
||
|
||
#### Example: Modifying the nlp object {#custom-code-nlp-callbacks}
|
||
|
||
For many use cases, you don't necessarily want to implement the whole `Language`
|
||
subclass and language data from scratch – it's often enough to make a few small
|
||
modifications, like adjusting the
|
||
[tokenization rules](/usage/linguistic-features#native-tokenizer-additions) or
|
||
[language defaults](/api/language#defaults) like stop words. The config lets you
|
||
provide five optional **callback functions** that give you access to the
|
||
language class and `nlp` object at different points of the lifecycle:
|
||
|
||
| Callback | Description |
|
||
| ----------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
|
||
| `nlp.before_creation` | Called before the `nlp` object is created and receives the language subclass like `English` (not the instance). Useful for writing to the [`Language.Defaults`](/api/language#defaults) aside from the tokenizer settings. |
|
||
| `nlp.after_creation` | Called right after the `nlp` object is created, but before the pipeline components are added to the pipeline and receives the `nlp` object. |
|
||
| `nlp.after_pipeline_creation` | Called right after the pipeline components are created and added and receives the `nlp` object. Useful for modifying pipeline components. |
|
||
| `initialize.before_init` | Called before the pipeline components are initialized and receives the `nlp` object for in-place modification. Useful for modifying the tokenizer settings, similar to the v2 base model option. |
|
||
| `initialize.after_init` | Called after the pipeline components are initialized and receives the `nlp` object for in-place modification. |
|
||
|
||
The `@spacy.registry.callbacks` decorator lets you register your custom function
|
||
in the `callbacks` [registry](/api/top-level#registry) under a given name. You
|
||
can then reference the function in a config block using the `@callbacks` key. If
|
||
a block contains a key starting with an `@`, it's interpreted as a reference to
|
||
a function. Because you've registered the function, spaCy knows how to create it
|
||
when you reference `"customize_language_data"` in your config. Here's an example
|
||
of a callback that runs before the `nlp` object is created and adds a custom
|
||
stop word to the defaults:
|
||
|
||
> #### config.cfg
|
||
>
|
||
> ```ini
|
||
> [nlp.before_creation]
|
||
> @callbacks = "customize_language_data"
|
||
> ```
|
||
|
||
```python
|
||
### functions.py {highlight="3,6"}
|
||
import spacy
|
||
|
||
@spacy.registry.callbacks("customize_language_data")
|
||
def create_callback():
|
||
def customize_language_data(lang_cls):
|
||
lang_cls.Defaults.stop_words.add("good")
|
||
return lang_cls
|
||
|
||
return customize_language_data
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
<Infobox variant="warning">
|
||
|
||
Remember that a registered function should always be a function that spaCy
|
||
**calls to create something**. In this case, it **creates a callback** – it's
|
||
not the callback itself.
|
||
|
||
</Infobox>
|
||
|
||
Any registered function – in this case `create_callback` – can also take
|
||
**arguments** that can be **set by the config**. This lets you implement and
|
||
keep track of different configurations, without having to hack at your code. You
|
||
can choose any arguments that make sense for your use case. In this example,
|
||
we're adding the arguments `extra_stop_words` (a list of strings) and `debug`
|
||
(boolean) for printing additional info when the function runs.
|
||
|
||
> #### config.cfg
|
||
>
|
||
> ```ini
|
||
> [nlp.before_creation]
|
||
> @callbacks = "customize_language_data"
|
||
> extra_stop_words = ["ooh", "aah"]
|
||
> debug = true
|
||
> ```
|
||
|
||
```python
|
||
### functions.py {highlight="5,7-9"}
|
||
from typing import List
|
||
import spacy
|
||
|
||
@spacy.registry.callbacks("customize_language_data")
|
||
def create_callback(extra_stop_words: List[str] = [], debug: bool = False):
|
||
def customize_language_data(lang_cls):
|
||
lang_cls.Defaults.stop_words.update(extra_stop_words)
|
||
if debug:
|
||
print("Updated stop words")
|
||
return lang_cls
|
||
|
||
return customize_language_data
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
<Infobox title="Tip: Use Python type hints" emoji="💡">
|
||
|
||
spaCy's configs are powered by our machine learning library Thinc's
|
||
[configuration system](https://thinc.ai/docs/usage-config), which supports
|
||
[type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html) and even
|
||
[advanced type annotations](https://thinc.ai/docs/usage-config#advanced-types)
|
||
using [`pydantic`](https://github.com/samuelcolvin/pydantic). If your registered
|
||
function provides type hints, the values that are passed in will be checked
|
||
against the expected types. For example, `debug: bool` in the example above will
|
||
ensure that the value received as the argument `debug` is a boolean. If the
|
||
value can't be coerced into a boolean, spaCy will raise an error.
|
||
`debug: pydantic.StrictBool` will force the value to be a boolean and raise an
|
||
error if it's not – for instance, if your config defines `1` instead of `true`.
|
||
|
||
</Infobox>
|
||
|
||
With your `functions.py` defining additional code and the updated `config.cfg`,
|
||
you can now run [`spacy train`](/api/cli#train) and point the argument `--code`
|
||
to your Python file. Before loading the config, spaCy will import the
|
||
`functions.py` module and your custom functions will be registered.
|
||
|
||
```cli
|
||
$ python -m spacy train config.cfg --output ./output --code ./functions.py
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
#### Example: Modifying tokenizer settings {#custom-tokenizer}
|
||
|
||
Use the `initialize.before_init` callback to modify the tokenizer settings when
|
||
training a new pipeline. Write a registered callback that modifies the tokenizer
|
||
settings and specify this callback in your config:
|
||
|
||
> #### config.cfg
|
||
>
|
||
> ```ini
|
||
> [initialize]
|
||
>
|
||
> [initialize.before_init]
|
||
> @callbacks = "customize_tokenizer"
|
||
> ```
|
||
|
||
```python
|
||
### functions.py
|
||
from spacy.util import registry, compile_suffix_regex
|
||
|
||
@registry.callbacks("customize_tokenizer")
|
||
def make_customize_tokenizer():
|
||
def customize_tokenizer(nlp):
|
||
# remove a suffix
|
||
suffixes = list(nlp.Defaults.suffixes)
|
||
suffixes.remove("\\[")
|
||
suffix_regex = compile_suffix_regex(suffixes)
|
||
nlp.tokenizer.suffix_search = suffix_regex.search
|
||
|
||
# add a special case
|
||
nlp.tokenizer.add_special_case("_SPECIAL_", [{"ORTH": "_SPECIAL_"}])
|
||
return customize_tokenizer
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
When training, provide the function above with the `--code` option:
|
||
|
||
```cli
|
||
$ python -m spacy train config.cfg --code ./functions.py
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Because this callback is only called in the one-time initialization step before
|
||
training, the callback code does not need to be packaged with the final pipeline
|
||
package. However, to make it easier for others to replicate your training setup,
|
||
you can choose to package the initialization callbacks with the pipeline package
|
||
or to publish them separately.
|
||
|
||
<Infobox variant="warning" title="nlp.before_creation vs. initialize.before_init">
|
||
|
||
- `nlp.before_creation` is the best place to modify language defaults other than
|
||
the tokenizer settings.
|
||
- `initialize.before_init` is the best place to modify tokenizer settings when
|
||
training a new pipeline.
|
||
|
||
Unlike the other language defaults, the tokenizer settings are saved with the
|
||
pipeline with `nlp.to_disk()`, so modifications made in `nlp.before_creation`
|
||
will be clobbered by the saved settings when the trained pipeline is loaded from
|
||
disk.
|
||
|
||
</Infobox>
|
||
|
||
#### Example: Custom logging function {#custom-logging}
|
||
|
||
During training, the results of each step are passed to a logger function. By
|
||
default, these results are written to the console with the
|
||
[`ConsoleLogger`](/api/top-level#ConsoleLogger). There is also built-in support
|
||
for writing the log files to [Weights & Biases](https://www.wandb.com/) with the
|
||
[`WandbLogger`](/api/top-level#WandbLogger). On each step, the logger function
|
||
receives a **dictionary** with the following keys:
|
||
|
||
| Key | Value |
|
||
| -------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
|
||
| `epoch` | How many passes over the data have been completed. ~~int~~ |
|
||
| `step` | How many steps have been completed. ~~int~~ |
|
||
| `score` | The main score from the last evaluation, measured on the dev set. ~~float~~ |
|
||
| `other_scores` | The other scores from the last evaluation, measured on the dev set. ~~Dict[str, Any]~~ |
|
||
| `losses` | The accumulated training losses, keyed by component name. ~~Dict[str, float]~~ |
|
||
| `checkpoints` | A list of previous results, where each result is a `(score, step)` tuple. ~~List[Tuple[float, int]]~~ |
|
||
|
||
You can easily implement and plug in your own logger that records the training
|
||
results in a custom way, or sends them to an experiment management tracker of
|
||
your choice. In this example, the function `my_custom_logger.v1` writes the
|
||
tabular results to a file:
|
||
|
||
> ```ini
|
||
> ### config.cfg (excerpt)
|
||
> [training.logger]
|
||
> @loggers = "my_custom_logger.v1"
|
||
> log_path = "my_file.tab"
|
||
> ```
|
||
|
||
```python
|
||
### functions.py
|
||
import sys
|
||
from typing import IO, Tuple, Callable, Dict, Any, Optional
|
||
import spacy
|
||
from spacy import Language
|
||
from pathlib import Path
|
||
|
||
@spacy.registry.loggers("my_custom_logger.v1")
|
||
def custom_logger(log_path):
|
||
def setup_logger(
|
||
nlp: Language,
|
||
stdout: IO=sys.stdout,
|
||
stderr: IO=sys.stderr
|
||
) -> Tuple[Callable, Callable]:
|
||
stdout.write(f"Logging to {log_path}\\n")
|
||
log_file = Path(log_path).open("w", encoding="utf8")
|
||
log_file.write("step\\t")
|
||
log_file.write("score\\t")
|
||
for pipe in nlp.pipe_names:
|
||
log_file.write(f"loss_{pipe}\\t")
|
||
log_file.write("\\n")
|
||
|
||
def log_step(info: Optional[Dict[str, Any]]):
|
||
if info:
|
||
log_file.write(f"{info['step']}\\t")
|
||
log_file.write(f"{info['score']}\\t")
|
||
for pipe in nlp.pipe_names:
|
||
log_file.write(f"{info['losses'][pipe]}\\t")
|
||
log_file.write("\\n")
|
||
|
||
def finalize():
|
||
log_file.close()
|
||
|
||
return log_step, finalize
|
||
|
||
return setup_logger
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
#### Example: Custom batch size schedule {#custom-code-schedule}
|
||
|
||
You can also implement your own batch size schedule to use during training. The
|
||
`@spacy.registry.schedules` decorator lets you register that function in the
|
||
`schedules` [registry](/api/top-level#registry) and assign it a string name:
|
||
|
||
> #### Why the version in the name?
|
||
>
|
||
> A big benefit of the config system is that it makes your experiments
|
||
> reproducible. We recommend versioning the functions you register, especially
|
||
> if you expect them to change (like a new model architecture). This way, you
|
||
> know that a config referencing `v1` means a different function than a config
|
||
> referencing `v2`.
|
||
|
||
```python
|
||
### functions.py
|
||
import spacy
|
||
|
||
@spacy.registry.schedules("my_custom_schedule.v1")
|
||
def my_custom_schedule(start: int = 1, factor: float = 1.001):
|
||
while True:
|
||
yield start
|
||
start = start * factor
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
In your config, you can now reference the schedule in the
|
||
`[training.batch_size]` block via `@schedules`. If a block contains a key
|
||
starting with an `@`, it's interpreted as a reference to a function. All other
|
||
settings in the block will be passed to the function as keyword arguments. Keep
|
||
in mind that the config shouldn't have any hidden defaults and all arguments on
|
||
the functions need to be represented in the config.
|
||
|
||
```ini
|
||
### config.cfg (excerpt)
|
||
[training.batch_size]
|
||
@schedules = "my_custom_schedule.v1"
|
||
start = 2
|
||
factor = 1.005
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### Defining custom architectures {#custom-architectures}
|
||
|
||
Built-in pipeline components such as the tagger or named entity recognizer are
|
||
constructed with default neural network [models](/api/architectures). You can
|
||
change the model architecture entirely by implementing your own custom models
|
||
and providing those in the config when creating the pipeline component. See the
|
||
documentation on [layers and model architectures](/usage/layers-architectures)
|
||
for more details.
|
||
|
||
> ```ini
|
||
> ### config.cfg
|
||
> [components.tagger]
|
||
> factory = "tagger"
|
||
>
|
||
> [components.tagger.model]
|
||
> @architectures = "custom_neural_network.v1"
|
||
> output_width = 512
|
||
> ```
|
||
|
||
```python
|
||
### functions.py
|
||
from typing import List
|
||
from thinc.types import Floats2d
|
||
from thinc.api import Model
|
||
import spacy
|
||
from spacy.tokens import Doc
|
||
|
||
@spacy.registry.architectures("custom_neural_network.v1")
|
||
def MyModel(output_width: int) -> Model[List[Doc], List[Floats2d]]:
|
||
return create_model(output_width)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## Customizing the initialization {#initialization}
|
||
|
||
When you start training a new model from scratch,
|
||
[`spacy train`](/api/cli#train) will call
|
||
[`nlp.initialize`](/api/language#initialize) to initialize the pipeline and load
|
||
the required data. All settings for this are defined in the
|
||
[`[initialize]`](/api/data-formats#config-initialize) block of the config, so
|
||
you can keep track of how the initial `nlp` object was created. The
|
||
initialization process typically includes the following:
|
||
|
||
> #### config.cfg (excerpt)
|
||
>
|
||
> ```ini
|
||
> [initialize]
|
||
> vectors = ${paths.vectors}
|
||
> init_tok2vec = ${paths.init_tok2vec}
|
||
>
|
||
> [initialize.components]
|
||
> # Settings for components
|
||
> ```
|
||
|
||
1. Load in **data resources** defined in the `[initialize]` config, including
|
||
**word vectors** and
|
||
[pretrained](/usage/embeddings-transformers/#pretraining) **tok2vec
|
||
weights**.
|
||
2. Call the `initialize` methods of the tokenizer (if implemented, e.g. for
|
||
[Chinese](/usage/models#chinese)) and pipeline components with a callback to
|
||
access the training data, the current `nlp` object and any **custom
|
||
arguments** defined in the `[initialize]` config.
|
||
3. In **pipeline components**: if needed, use the data to
|
||
[infer missing shapes](/usage/layers-architectures#thinc-shape-inference) and
|
||
set up the label scheme if no labels are provided. Components may also load
|
||
other data like lookup tables or dictionaries.
|
||
|
||
The initialization step allows the config to define **all settings** required
|
||
for the pipeline, while keeping a separation between settings and functions that
|
||
should only be used **before training** to set up the initial pipeline, and
|
||
logic and configuration that needs to be available **at runtime**. Without that
|
||
separation, it would be very difficult to use the same, reproducible config file
|
||
because the component settings required for training (load data from an external
|
||
file) wouldn't match the component settings required at runtime (load what's
|
||
included with the saved `nlp` object and don't depend on external file).
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<Infobox title="How components save and load data" emoji="📖">
|
||
|
||
For details and examples of how pipeline components can **save and load data
|
||
assets** like model weights or lookup tables, and how the component
|
||
initialization is implemented under the hood, see the usage guide on
|
||
[serializing and initializing component data](/usage/processing-pipelines#component-data-initialization).
|
||
|
||
</Infobox>
|
||
|
||
#### Initializing labels {#initialization-labels}
|
||
|
||
Built-in pipeline components like the
|
||
[`EntityRecognizer`](/api/entityrecognizer) or
|
||
[`DependencyParser`](/api/dependencyparser) need to know their available labels
|
||
and associated internal meta information to initialize their model weights.
|
||
Using the `get_examples` callback provided on initialization, they're able to
|
||
**read the labels off the training data** automatically, which is very
|
||
convenient – but it can also slow down the training process to compute this
|
||
information on every run.
|
||
|
||
The [`init labels`](/api/cli#init-labels) command lets you auto-generate JSON
|
||
files containing the label data for all supported components. You can then pass
|
||
in the labels in the `[initialize]` settings for the respective components to
|
||
allow them to initialize faster.
|
||
|
||
> #### config.cfg
|
||
>
|
||
> ```ini
|
||
> [initialize.components.ner]
|
||
>
|
||
> [initialize.components.ner.labels]
|
||
> @readers = "spacy.read_labels.v1"
|
||
> path = "corpus/labels/ner.json
|
||
> ```
|
||
|
||
```cli
|
||
$ python -m spacy init labels config.cfg ./corpus --paths.train ./corpus/train.spacy
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Under the hood, the command delegates to the `label_data` property of the
|
||
pipeline components, for instance
|
||
[`EntityRecognizer.label_data`](/api/entityrecognizer#label_data).
|
||
|
||
<Infobox variant="warning" title="Important note">
|
||
|
||
The JSON format differs for each component and some components need additional
|
||
meta information about their labels. The format exported by
|
||
[`init labels`](/api/cli#init-labels) matches what the components need, so you
|
||
should always let spaCy **auto-generate the labels** for you.
|
||
|
||
</Infobox>
|
||
|
||
## Data utilities {#data}
|
||
|
||
spaCy includes various features and utilities to make it easy to train models
|
||
using your own data, manage training and evaluation corpora, convert existing
|
||
annotations and configure data augmentation strategies for more robust models.
|
||
|
||
### Converting existing corpora and annotations {#data-convert}
|
||
|
||
If you have training data in a standard format like `.conll` or `.conllu`, the
|
||
easiest way to convert it for use with spaCy is to run
|
||
[`spacy convert`](/api/cli#convert) and pass it a file and an output directory.
|
||
By default, the command will pick the converter based on the file extension.
|
||
|
||
```cli
|
||
$ python -m spacy convert ./train.gold.conll ./corpus
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
> #### 💡 Tip: Converting from Prodigy
|
||
>
|
||
> If you're using the [Prodigy](https://prodi.gy) annotation tool to create
|
||
> training data, you can run the
|
||
> [`data-to-spacy` command](https://prodi.gy/docs/recipes#data-to-spacy) to
|
||
> merge and export multiple datasets for use with
|
||
> [`spacy train`](/api/cli#train). Different types of annotations on the same
|
||
> text will be combined, giving you one corpus to train multiple components.
|
||
|
||
<Infobox title="Tip: Manage multi-step workflows with projects" emoji="💡">
|
||
|
||
Training workflows often consist of multiple steps, from preprocessing the data
|
||
all the way to packaging and deploying the trained model.
|
||
[spaCy projects](/usage/projects) let you define all steps in one file, manage
|
||
data assets, track changes and share your end-to-end processes with your team.
|
||
|
||
</Infobox>
|
||
|
||
The binary `.spacy` format is a serialized [`DocBin`](/api/docbin) containing
|
||
one or more [`Doc`](/api/doc) objects. It's extremely **efficient in storage**,
|
||
especially when packing multiple documents together. You can also create `Doc`
|
||
objects manually, so you can write your own custom logic to convert and store
|
||
existing annotations for use in spaCy.
|
||
|
||
```python
|
||
### Training data from Doc objects {highlight="6-9"}
|
||
import spacy
|
||
from spacy.tokens import Doc, DocBin
|
||
|
||
nlp = spacy.blank("en")
|
||
docbin = DocBin()
|
||
words = ["Apple", "is", "looking", "at", "buying", "U.K.", "startup", "."]
|
||
spaces = [True, True, True, True, True, True, True, False]
|
||
ents = ["B-ORG", "O", "O", "O", "O", "B-GPE", "O", "O"]
|
||
doc = Doc(nlp.vocab, words=words, spaces=spaces, ents=ents)
|
||
docbin.add(doc)
|
||
docbin.to_disk("./train.spacy")
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### Working with corpora {#data-corpora}
|
||
|
||
> #### Example
|
||
>
|
||
> ```ini
|
||
> [corpora]
|
||
>
|
||
> [corpora.train]
|
||
> @readers = "spacy.Corpus.v1"
|
||
> path = ${paths.train}
|
||
> gold_preproc = false
|
||
> max_length = 0
|
||
> limit = 0
|
||
> augmenter = null
|
||
>
|
||
> [training]
|
||
> train_corpus = "corpora.train"
|
||
> ```
|
||
|
||
The [`[corpora]`](/api/data-formats#config-corpora) block in your config lets
|
||
you define **data resources** to use for training, evaluation, pretraining or
|
||
any other custom workflows. `corpora.train` and `corpora.dev` are used as
|
||
conventions within spaCy's default configs, but you can also define any other
|
||
custom blocks. Each section in the corpora config should resolve to a
|
||
[`Corpus`](/api/corpus) – for example, using spaCy's built-in
|
||
[corpus reader](/api/top-level#readers) that takes a path to a binary `.spacy`
|
||
file. The `train_corpus` and `dev_corpus` fields in the
|
||
[`[training]`](/api/data-formats#config-training) block specify where to find
|
||
the corpus in your config. This makes it easy to **swap out** different corpora
|
||
by only changing a single config setting.
|
||
|
||
Instead of making `[corpora]` a block with multiple subsections for each portion
|
||
of the data, you can also use a single function that returns a dictionary of
|
||
corpora, keyed by corpus name, e.g. `"train"` and `"dev"`. This can be
|
||
especially useful if you need to split a single file into corpora for training
|
||
and evaluation, without loading the same file twice.
|
||
|
||
### Custom data reading and batching {#custom-code-readers-batchers}
|
||
|
||
Some use-cases require **streaming in data** or manipulating datasets on the
|
||
fly, rather than generating all data beforehand and storing it to file. Instead
|
||
of using the built-in [`Corpus`](/api/corpus) reader, which uses static file
|
||
paths, you can create and register a custom function that generates
|
||
[`Example`](/api/example) objects. The resulting generator can be infinite. When
|
||
using this dataset for training, stopping criteria such as maximum number of
|
||
steps, or stopping when the loss does not decrease further, can be used.
|
||
|
||
In this example we assume a custom function `read_custom_data` which loads or
|
||
generates texts with relevant text classification annotations. Then, small
|
||
lexical variations of the input text are created before generating the final
|
||
[`Example`](/api/example) objects. The `@spacy.registry.readers` decorator lets
|
||
you register the function creating the custom reader in the `readers`
|
||
[registry](/api/top-level#registry) and assign it a string name, so it can be
|
||
used in your config. All arguments on the registered function become available
|
||
as **config settings** – in this case, `source`.
|
||
|
||
> #### config.cfg
|
||
>
|
||
> ```ini
|
||
> [corpora.train]
|
||
> @readers = "corpus_variants.v1"
|
||
> source = "s3://your_bucket/path/data.csv"
|
||
> ```
|
||
|
||
```python
|
||
### functions.py {highlight="7-8"}
|
||
from typing import Callable, Iterator, List
|
||
import spacy
|
||
from spacy.training import Example
|
||
from spacy.language import Language
|
||
import random
|
||
|
||
@spacy.registry.readers("corpus_variants.v1")
|
||
def stream_data(source: str) -> Callable[[Language], Iterator[Example]]:
|
||
def generate_stream(nlp):
|
||
for text, cats in read_custom_data(source):
|
||
# Create a random variant of the example text
|
||
i = random.randint(0, len(text) - 1)
|
||
variant = text[:i] + text[i].upper() + text[i + 1:]
|
||
doc = nlp.make_doc(variant)
|
||
example = Example.from_dict(doc, {"cats": cats})
|
||
yield example
|
||
|
||
return generate_stream
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
<Infobox variant="warning">
|
||
|
||
Remember that a registered function should always be a function that spaCy
|
||
**calls to create something**. In this case, it **creates the reader function**
|
||
– it's not the reader itself.
|
||
|
||
</Infobox>
|
||
|
||
We can also customize the **batching strategy** by registering a new batcher
|
||
function in the `batchers` [registry](/api/top-level#registry). A batcher turns
|
||
a stream of items into a stream of batches. spaCy has several useful built-in
|
||
[batching strategies](/api/top-level#batchers) with customizable sizes, but it's
|
||
also easy to implement your own. For instance, the following function takes the
|
||
stream of generated [`Example`](/api/example) objects, and removes those which
|
||
have the same underlying raw text, to avoid duplicates within each batch. Note
|
||
that in a more realistic implementation, you'd also want to check whether the
|
||
annotations are the same.
|
||
|
||
> #### config.cfg
|
||
>
|
||
> ```ini
|
||
> [training.batcher]
|
||
> @batchers = "filtering_batch.v1"
|
||
> size = 150
|
||
> ```
|
||
|
||
```python
|
||
### functions.py
|
||
from typing import Callable, Iterable, Iterator, List
|
||
import spacy
|
||
from spacy.training import Example
|
||
|
||
@spacy.registry.batchers("filtering_batch.v1")
|
||
def filter_batch(size: int) -> Callable[[Iterable[Example]], Iterator[List[Example]]]:
|
||
def create_filtered_batches(examples):
|
||
batch = []
|
||
for eg in examples:
|
||
# Remove duplicate examples with the same text from batch
|
||
if eg.text not in [x.text for x in batch]:
|
||
batch.append(eg)
|
||
if len(batch) == size:
|
||
yield batch
|
||
batch = []
|
||
|
||
return create_filtered_batches
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
<!-- TODO:
|
||
* Custom corpus class
|
||
* Minibatching
|
||
-->
|
||
|
||
### Data augmentation {#data-augmentation}
|
||
|
||
Data augmentation is the process of applying small **modifications** to the
|
||
training data. It can be especially useful for punctuation and case replacement
|
||
– for example, if your corpus only uses smart quotes and you want to include
|
||
variations using regular quotes, or to make the model less sensitive to
|
||
capitalization by including a mix of capitalized and lowercase examples.
|
||
|
||
The easiest way to use data augmentation during training is to provide an
|
||
`augmenter` to the training corpus, e.g. in the `[corpora.train]` section of
|
||
your config. The built-in [`orth_variants`](/api/top-level#orth_variants)
|
||
augmenter creates a data augmentation callback that uses orth-variant
|
||
replacement.
|
||
|
||
```ini
|
||
### config.cfg (excerpt) {highlight="8,14"}
|
||
[corpora.train]
|
||
@readers = "spacy.Corpus.v1"
|
||
path = ${paths.train}
|
||
gold_preproc = false
|
||
max_length = 0
|
||
limit = 0
|
||
|
||
[corpora.train.augmenter]
|
||
@augmenters = "spacy.orth_variants.v1"
|
||
# Percentage of texts that will be augmented / lowercased
|
||
level = 0.1
|
||
lower = 0.5
|
||
|
||
[corpora.train.augmenter.orth_variants]
|
||
@readers = "srsly.read_json.v1"
|
||
path = "corpus/orth_variants.json"
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
The `orth_variants` argument lets you pass in a dictionary of replacement rules,
|
||
typically loaded from a JSON file. There are two types of orth variant rules:
|
||
`"single"` for single tokens that should be replaced (e.g. hyphens) and
|
||
`"paired"` for pairs of tokens (e.g. quotes).
|
||
|
||
<!-- prettier-ignore -->
|
||
```json
|
||
### orth_variants.json
|
||
{
|
||
"single": [{ "tags": ["NFP"], "variants": ["…", "..."] }],
|
||
"paired": [{ "tags": ["``", "''"], "variants": [["'", "'"], ["‘", "’"]] }]
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
<Accordion title="Full examples for English and German" spaced>
|
||
|
||
```json
|
||
https://github.com/explosion/spacy-lookups-data/blob/master/spacy_lookups_data/data/en_orth_variants.json
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
```json
|
||
https://github.com/explosion/spacy-lookups-data/blob/master/spacy_lookups_data/data/de_orth_variants.json
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
</Accordion>
|
||
|
||
<Infobox title="Important note" variant="warning">
|
||
|
||
When adding data augmentation, keep in mind that it typically only makes sense
|
||
to apply it to the **training corpus**, not the development data.
|
||
|
||
</Infobox>
|
||
|
||
#### Writing custom data augmenters {#data-augmentation-custom}
|
||
|
||
Using the [`@spacy.augmenters`](/api/top-level#registry) registry, you can also
|
||
register your own data augmentation callbacks. The callback should be a function
|
||
that takes the current `nlp` object and a training [`Example`](/api/example) and
|
||
yields `Example` objects. Keep in mind that the augmenter should yield **all
|
||
examples** you want to use in your corpus, not only the augmented examples
|
||
(unless you want to augment all examples).
|
||
|
||
Here'a an example of a custom augmentation callback that produces text variants
|
||
in ["SpOnGeBoB cAsE"](https://knowyourmeme.com/memes/mocking-spongebob). The
|
||
registered function takes one argument `randomize` that can be set via the
|
||
config and decides whether the uppercase/lowercase transformation is applied
|
||
randomly or not. The augmenter yields two `Example` objects: the original
|
||
example and the augmented example.
|
||
|
||
> #### config.cfg
|
||
>
|
||
> ```ini
|
||
> [corpora.train.augmenter]
|
||
> @augmenters = "spongebob_augmenter.v1"
|
||
> randomize = false
|
||
> ```
|
||
|
||
```python
|
||
import spacy
|
||
import random
|
||
|
||
@spacy.registry.augmenters("spongebob_augmenter.v1")
|
||
def create_augmenter(randomize: bool = False):
|
||
def augment(nlp, example):
|
||
text = example.text
|
||
if randomize:
|
||
# Randomly uppercase/lowercase characters
|
||
chars = [c.lower() if random.random() < 0.5 else c.upper() for c in text]
|
||
else:
|
||
# Uppercase followed by lowercase
|
||
chars = [c.lower() if i % 2 else c.upper() for i, c in enumerate(text)]
|
||
# Create augmented training example
|
||
example_dict = example.to_dict()
|
||
doc = nlp.make_doc("".join(chars))
|
||
example_dict["token_annotation"]["ORTH"] = [t.text for t in doc]
|
||
# Original example followed by augmented example
|
||
yield example
|
||
yield example.from_dict(doc, example_dict)
|
||
|
||
return augment
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
An easy way to create modified `Example` objects is to use the
|
||
[`Example.from_dict`](/api/example#from_dict) method with a new reference
|
||
[`Doc`](/api/doc) created from the modified text. In this case, only the
|
||
capitalization changes, so only the `ORTH` values of the tokens will be
|
||
different between the original and augmented examples.
|
||
|
||
Note that if your data augmentation strategy involves changing the tokenization
|
||
(for instance, removing or adding tokens) and your training examples include
|
||
token-based annotations like the dependency parse or entity labels, you'll need
|
||
to take care to adjust the `Example` object so its annotations match and remain
|
||
valid.
|
||
|
||
## Parallel & distributed training with Ray {#parallel-training}
|
||
|
||
> #### Installation
|
||
>
|
||
> ```cli
|
||
> $ pip install -U %%SPACY_PKG_NAME[ray]%%SPACY_PKG_FLAGS
|
||
> # Check that the CLI is registered
|
||
> $ python -m spacy ray --help
|
||
> ```
|
||
|
||
[Ray](https://ray.io/) is a fast and simple framework for building and running
|
||
**distributed applications**. You can use Ray to train spaCy on one or more
|
||
remote machines, potentially speeding up your training process. Parallel
|
||
training won't always be faster though – it depends on your batch size, models,
|
||
and hardware.
|
||
|
||
<Infobox variant="warning">
|
||
|
||
To use Ray with spaCy, you need the
|
||
[`spacy-ray`](https://github.com/explosion/spacy-ray) package installed.
|
||
Installing the package will automatically add the `ray` command to the spaCy
|
||
CLI.
|
||
|
||
</Infobox>
|
||
|
||
The [`spacy ray train`](/api/cli#ray-train) command follows the same API as
|
||
[`spacy train`](/api/cli#train), with a few extra options to configure the Ray
|
||
setup. You can optionally set the `--address` option to point to your Ray
|
||
cluster. If it's not set, Ray will run locally.
|
||
|
||
```cli
|
||
python -m spacy ray train config.cfg --n-workers 2
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
<Project id="integrations/ray">
|
||
|
||
Get started with parallel training using our project template. It trains a
|
||
simple model on a Universal Dependencies Treebank and lets you parallelize the
|
||
training with Ray.
|
||
|
||
</Project>
|
||
|
||
### How parallel training works {#parallel-training-details}
|
||
|
||
Each worker receives a shard of the **data** and builds a copy of the **model
|
||
and optimizer** from the [`config.cfg`](#config). It also has a communication
|
||
channel to **pass gradients and parameters** to the other workers. Additionally,
|
||
each worker is given ownership of a subset of the parameter arrays. Every
|
||
parameter array is owned by exactly one worker, and the workers are given a
|
||
mapping so they know which worker owns which parameter.
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
As training proceeds, every worker will be computing gradients for **all** of
|
||
the model parameters. When they compute gradients for parameters they don't own,
|
||
they'll **send them to the worker** that does own that parameter, along with a
|
||
version identifier so that the owner can decide whether to discard the gradient.
|
||
Workers use the gradients they receive and the ones they compute locally to
|
||
update the parameters they own, and then broadcast the updated array and a new
|
||
version ID to the other workers.
|
||
|
||
This training procedure is **asynchronous** and **non-blocking**. Workers always
|
||
push their gradient increments and parameter updates, they do not have to pull
|
||
them and block on the result, so the transfers can happen in the background,
|
||
overlapped with the actual training work. The workers also do not have to stop
|
||
and wait for each other ("synchronize") at the start of each batch. This is very
|
||
useful for spaCy, because spaCy is often trained on long documents, which means
|
||
**batches can vary in size** significantly. Uneven workloads make synchronous
|
||
gradient descent inefficient, because if one batch is slow, all of the other
|
||
workers are stuck waiting for it to complete before they can continue.
|
||
|
||
## Internal training API {#api}
|
||
|
||
<Infobox variant="warning">
|
||
|
||
spaCy gives you full control over the training loop. However, for most use
|
||
cases, it's recommended to train your pipelines via the
|
||
[`spacy train`](/api/cli#train) command with a [`config.cfg`](#config) to keep
|
||
track of your settings and hyperparameters, instead of writing your own training
|
||
scripts from scratch. [Custom registered functions](#custom-code) should
|
||
typically give you everything you need to train fully custom pipelines with
|
||
[`spacy train`](/api/cli#train).
|
||
|
||
</Infobox>
|
||
|
||
The [`Example`](/api/example) object contains annotated training data, also
|
||
called the **gold standard**. It's initialized with a [`Doc`](/api/doc) object
|
||
that will hold the predictions, and another `Doc` object that holds the
|
||
gold-standard annotations. It also includes the **alignment** between those two
|
||
documents if they differ in tokenization. The `Example` class ensures that spaCy
|
||
can rely on one **standardized format** that's passed through the pipeline. For
|
||
instance, let's say we want to define gold-standard part-of-speech tags:
|
||
|
||
```python
|
||
words = ["I", "like", "stuff"]
|
||
predicted = Doc(vocab, words=words)
|
||
# create the reference Doc with gold-standard TAG annotations
|
||
tags = ["NOUN", "VERB", "NOUN"]
|
||
tag_ids = [vocab.strings.add(tag) for tag in tags]
|
||
reference = Doc(vocab, words=words).from_array("TAG", numpy.array(tag_ids, dtype="uint64"))
|
||
example = Example(predicted, reference)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
As this is quite verbose, there's an alternative way to create the reference
|
||
`Doc` with the gold-standard annotations. The function `Example.from_dict` takes
|
||
a dictionary with keyword arguments specifying the annotations, like `tags` or
|
||
`entities`. Using the resulting `Example` object and its gold-standard
|
||
annotations, the model can be updated to learn a sentence of three words with
|
||
their assigned part-of-speech tags.
|
||
|
||
```python
|
||
words = ["I", "like", "stuff"]
|
||
tags = ["NOUN", "VERB", "NOUN"]
|
||
predicted = Doc(nlp.vocab, words=words)
|
||
example = Example.from_dict(predicted, {"tags": tags})
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Here's another example that shows how to define gold-standard named entities.
|
||
The letters added before the labels refer to the tags of the
|
||
[BILUO scheme](/usage/linguistic-features#updating-biluo) – `O` is a token
|
||
outside an entity, `U` a single entity unit, `B` the beginning of an entity, `I`
|
||
a token inside an entity and `L` the last token of an entity.
|
||
|
||
```python
|
||
doc = Doc(nlp.vocab, words=["Facebook", "released", "React", "in", "2014"])
|
||
example = Example.from_dict(doc, {"entities": ["U-ORG", "O", "U-TECHNOLOGY", "O", "U-DATE"]})
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
<Infobox title="Migrating from v2.x" variant="warning">
|
||
|
||
As of v3.0, the [`Example`](/api/example) object replaces the `GoldParse` class.
|
||
It can be constructed in a very similar way – from a `Doc` and a dictionary of
|
||
annotations. For more details, see the
|
||
[migration guide](/usage/v3#migrating-training).
|
||
|
||
```diff
|
||
- gold = GoldParse(doc, entities=entities)
|
||
+ example = Example.from_dict(doc, {"entities": entities})
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
</Infobox>
|
||
|
||
Of course, it's not enough to only show a model a single example once.
|
||
Especially if you only have few examples, you'll want to train for a **number of
|
||
iterations**. At each iteration, the training data is **shuffled** to ensure the
|
||
model doesn't make any generalizations based on the order of examples. Another
|
||
technique to improve the learning results is to set a **dropout rate**, a rate
|
||
at which to randomly "drop" individual features and representations. This makes
|
||
it harder for the model to memorize the training data. For example, a `0.25`
|
||
dropout means that each feature or internal representation has a 1/4 likelihood
|
||
of being dropped.
|
||
|
||
> - [`nlp`](/api/language): The `nlp` object with the pipeline components and
|
||
> their models.
|
||
> - [`nlp.initialize`](/api/language#initialize): Initialize the pipeline and
|
||
> return an optimizer to update the component model weights.
|
||
> - [`Optimizer`](https://thinc.ai/docs/api-optimizers): Function that holds
|
||
> state between updates.
|
||
> - [`nlp.update`](/api/language#update): Update component models with examples.
|
||
> - [`Example`](/api/example): object holding predictions and gold-standard
|
||
> annotations.
|
||
> - [`nlp.to_disk`](/api/language#to_disk): Save the updated pipeline to a
|
||
> directory.
|
||
|
||
```python
|
||
### Example training loop
|
||
optimizer = nlp.initialize()
|
||
for itn in range(100):
|
||
random.shuffle(train_data)
|
||
for raw_text, entity_offsets in train_data:
|
||
doc = nlp.make_doc(raw_text)
|
||
example = Example.from_dict(doc, {"entities": entity_offsets})
|
||
nlp.update([example], sgd=optimizer)
|
||
nlp.to_disk("/output")
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
The [`nlp.update`](/api/language#update) method takes the following arguments:
|
||
|
||
| Name | Description |
|
||
| ---------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
|
||
| `examples` | [`Example`](/api/example) objects. The `update` method takes a sequence of them, so you can batch up your training examples. |
|
||
| `drop` | Dropout rate. Makes it harder for the model to just memorize the data. |
|
||
| `sgd` | An [`Optimizer`](https://thinc.ai/docs/api-optimizers) object, which updates the model's weights. If not set, spaCy will create a new one and save it for further use. |
|
||
|
||
<Infobox title="Migrating from v2.x" variant="warning">
|
||
|
||
As of v3.0, the [`Example`](/api/example) object replaces the `GoldParse` class
|
||
and the "simple training style" of calling `nlp.update` with a text and a
|
||
dictionary of annotations. Updating your code to use the `Example` object should
|
||
be very straightforward: you can call
|
||
[`Example.from_dict`](/api/example#from_dict) with a [`Doc`](/api/doc) and the
|
||
dictionary of annotations:
|
||
|
||
```diff
|
||
text = "Facebook released React in 2014"
|
||
annotations = {"entities": ["U-ORG", "O", "U-TECHNOLOGY", "O", "U-DATE"]}
|
||
+ example = Example.from_dict(nlp.make_doc(text), annotations)
|
||
- nlp.update([text], [annotations])
|
||
+ nlp.update([example])
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
</Infobox>
|