spaCy/website/docs/usage/index.md

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Install spaCy	/usage/models	Quickstart quickstart Instructions installation Troubleshooting troubleshooting Changelog changelog

spaCy is compatible with 64-bit CPython 2.7 / 3.5+ and runs on Unix/Linux, macOS/OS X and Windows. The latest spaCy releases are available over pip and conda.

📖 Looking for the old docs?

To help you make the transition from v1.x to v2.0, we've uploaded the old website to legacy.spacy.io. Wherever possible, the new docs also include notes on features that have changed in v2.0, and features that were introduced in the new version.

Quickstart

import QuickstartInstall from 'widgets/quickstart-install.js'

Installation instructions

pip

Using pip, spaCy releases are available as source packages and binary wheels (as of v2.0.13).

$ pip install -U spacy

Download models

After installation you need to download a language model. For more info and available models, see the docs on models.

$ python -m spacy download en_core_web_sm

>>> import spacy
>>> nlp = spacy.load("en_core_web_sm")

To install additional data tables for lemmatization in spaCy v2.2+ (to create blank models or lemmatize in languages that don't yet come with pre-trained models), you can run pip install spacy[lookups] or install spacy-lookups-data separately.

When using pip it is generally recommended to install packages in a virtual environment to avoid modifying system state:

python -m venv .env
source .env/bin/activate
pip install spacy

conda

Thanks to our great community, we've been able to re-add conda support. You can also install spaCy via conda-forge:

$ conda install -c conda-forge spacy

For the feedstock including the build recipe and configuration, check out this repository. Improvements and pull requests to the recipe and setup are always appreciated.

Upgrading spaCy

Upgrading from v1 to v2

Although we've tried to keep breaking changes to a minimum, upgrading from spaCy v1.x to v2.x may still require some changes to your code base. For details see the sections on backwards incompatibilities and migrating. Also remember to download the new models, and retrain your own models.

When updating to a newer version of spaCy, it's generally recommended to start with a clean virtual environment. If you're upgrading to a new major version, make sure you have the latest compatible models installed, and that there are no old shortcut links or incompatible model packages left over in your environment, as this can often lead to unexpected results and errors. If you've trained your own models, keep in mind that your train and runtime inputs must match. This means you'll have to retrain your models with the new version.

As of v2.0, spaCy also provides a validate command, which lets you verify that all installed models are compatible with your spaCy version. If incompatible models are found, tips and installation instructions are printed. The command is also useful to detect out-of-sync model links resulting from links created in different virtual environments. It's recommended to run the command with python -m to make sure you're executing the correct version of spaCy.

pip install -U spacy
python -m spacy validate

Run spaCy with GPU

As of v2.0, spaCy comes with neural network models that are implemented in our machine learning library, Thinc. For GPU support, we've been grateful to use the work of Chainer's CuPy module, which provides a numpy-compatible interface for GPU arrays.

spaCy can be installed on GPU by specifying spacy[cuda], spacy[cuda90], spacy[cuda91], spacy[cuda92] or spacy[cuda100]. If you know your cuda version, using the more explicit specifier allows cupy to be installed via wheel, saving some compilation time. The specifiers should install two libraries: cupy and thinc_gpu_ops.

$ pip install -U spacy[cuda92]

Once you have a GPU-enabled installation, the best way to activate it is to call spacy.prefer_gpu or spacy.require_gpu() somewhere in your script before any models have been loaded. require_gpu will raise an error if no GPU is available.

import spacy

spacy.prefer_gpu()
nlp = spacy.load("en_core_web_sm")

Compile from source

The other way to install spaCy is to clone its GitHub repository and build it from source. That is the common way if you want to make changes to the code base. You'll need to make sure that you have a development environment consisting of a Python distribution including header files, a compiler, pip, virtualenv and git installed. The compiler part is the trickiest. How to do that depends on your system. See notes on Ubuntu, macOS / OS X and Windows for details.

python -m pip install -U pip                   # update pip
git clone https://github.com/explosion/spaCy   # clone spaCy
cd spaCy                                       # navigate into directory

python -m venv .env                            # create environment in .env
source .env/bin/activate                       # activate virtual environment
\export PYTHONPATH=`pwd`                        # set Python path to spaCy directory
pip install -r requirements.txt                # install all requirements
python setup.py build_ext --inplace            # compile spaCy

Compared to regular install via pip, the requirements.txt additionally installs developer dependencies such as Cython. See the the quickstart widget to get the right commands for your platform and Python version.

Ubuntu

Install system-level dependencies via apt-get:

$ sudo apt-get install build-essential python-dev git

macOS / OS X

Install a recent version of XCode, including the so-called "Command Line Tools". macOS and OS X ship with Python and git preinstalled.

Windows

Install a version of the Visual C++ Build Tools or Visual Studio Express that matches the version that was used to compile your Python interpreter. For official distributions these are:

Distribution	Version
Python 2.7	Visual Studio 2008
Python 3.4	Visual Studio 2010
Python 3.5+	Visual Studio 2015

Run tests

spaCy comes with an extensive test suite. In order to run the tests, you'll usually want to clone the repository and build spaCy from source. This will also install the required development dependencies and test utilities defined in the requirements.txt.

Alternatively, you can find out where spaCy is installed and run pytest on that directory. Don't forget to also install the test utilities via spaCy's requirements.txt:

python -c "import os; import spacy; print(os.path.dirname(spacy.__file__))"
pip install -r path/to/requirements.txt
python -m pytest [spacy directory]

Calling pytest on the spaCy directory will run only the basic tests. The flag --slow is optional and enables additional tests that take longer.

# make sure you are using recent pytest version
python -m pip install -U pytest

python -m pytest [spacy directory]                 # basic tests
python -m pytest [spacy directory] --slow          # basic and slow tests

Troubleshooting guide

This section collects some of the most common errors you may come across when installing, loading and using spaCy, as well as their solutions.

Help us improve this guide

Did you come across a problem like the ones listed here and want to share the solution? You can find the "Suggest edits" button at the bottom of this page that points you to the source. We always appreciate pull requests!

No compatible model found for [lang] (spaCy vX.X.X).

This usually means that the model you're trying to download does not exist, or isn't available for your version of spaCy. Check the compatibility table to see which models are available for your spaCy version. If you're using an old version, consider upgrading to the latest release. Note that while spaCy supports tokenization for a variety of languages, not all of them come with statistical models. To only use the tokenizer, import the language's Language class instead, for example from spacy.lang.fr import French.

OSError: symbolic link privilege not held

To create shortcut links that let you load models by name, spaCy creates a symbolic link in the spacy/data directory. This means your user needs permission to do this. The above error mostly occurs when doing a system-wide installation, which will create the symlinks in a system directory. Run the download or link command as administrator (on Windows, you can either right-click on your terminal or shell and select "Run as Administrator"), set the --user flag when installing a model or use a virtual environment to install spaCy in a user directory, instead of doing a system-wide installation.

no such option: --no-cache-dir

The download command uses pip to install the models and sets the --no-cache-dir flag to prevent it from requiring too much memory. This setting requires pip v6.0 or newer. Run pip install -U pip to upgrade to the latest version of pip. To see which version you have installed, run pip --version.

sre_constants.error: bad character range

In v2.1, spaCy changed its implementation of regular expressions for tokenization to make it up to 2-3 times faster. But this also means that it's very important now that you run spaCy with a wide unicode build of Python. This means that the build has 1114111 unicode characters available, instead of only 65535 in a narrow unicode build. You can check this by running the following command:

python -c "import sys; print(sys.maxunicode)"

If you're running a narrow unicode build, reinstall Python and use a wide unicode build instead. You can also rebuild Python and set the --enable-unicode=ucs4 flag.

ValueError: unknown locale: UTF-8

This error can sometimes occur on OSX and is likely related to a still unresolved Python bug. However, it's easy to fix: just add the following to your ~/.bash_profile or ~/.zshrc and then run source ~/.bash_profile or source ~/.zshrc. Make sure to add both lines for LC_ALL and LANG.

\export LC_ALL=en_US.UTF-8
\export LANG=en_US.UTF-8

Import Error: No module named spacy

This error means that the spaCy module can't be located on your system, or in your environment. Make sure you have spaCy installed. If you're using a virtual environment, make sure it's activated and check that spaCy is installed in that environment – otherwise, you're trying to load a system installation. You can also run which python to find out where your Python executable is located.

ImportError: No module named 'en_core_web_sm'

As of spaCy v1.7, all models can be installed as Python packages. This means that they'll become importable modules of your application. When creating shortcut links, spaCy will also try to import the model to load its meta data. If this fails, it's usually a sign that the package is not installed in the current environment. Run pip list or pip freeze to check which model packages you have installed, and install the correct models if necessary. If you're importing a model manually at the top of a file, make sure to use the name of the package, not the shortcut link you've created.

command not found: spacy

This error may occur when running the spacy command from the command line. spaCy does not currently add an entry to your PATH environment variable, as this can lead to unexpected results, especially when using a virtual environment. Instead, spaCy adds an auto-alias that maps spacy to python -m spacy]. If this is not working as expected, run the command with python -m, yourself – for example python -m spacy download en_core_web_sm. For more info on this, see the download command.

AttributeError: 'module' object has no attribute 'load'

While this could technically have many causes, including spaCy being broken, the most likely one is that your script's file or directory name is "shadowing" the module – e.g. your file is called spacy.py, or a directory you're importing from is called spacy. So, when using spaCy, never call anything else spacy.

doc = nlp("They are")
print(doc[0].lemma_)
# -PRON-

This is in fact expected behavior and not a bug. Unlike verbs and common nouns, there's no clear base form of a personal pronoun. Should the lemma of "me" be "I", or should we normalize person as well, giving "it" — or maybe "he"? spaCy's solution is to introduce a novel symbol, -PRON-, which is used as the lemma for all personal pronouns. For more info on this, see the lemmatization specs.

If your training data only contained new entities and you didn't mix in any examples the model previously recognized, it can cause the model to "forget" what it had previously learned. This is also referred to as the "catastrophic forgetting problem". A solution is to pre-label some text, and mix it with the new text in your updates. You can also do this by running spaCy over some text, extracting a bunch of entities the model previously recognized correctly, and adding them to your training examples.

TypeError: unhashable type: 'list'

If you're training models, writing them to disk, and versioning them with git, you might encounter this error when trying to load them in a Windows environment. This happens because a default install of Git for Windows is configured to automatically convert Unix-style end-of-line characters (LF) to Windows-style ones (CRLF) during file checkout (and the reverse when committing). While that's mostly fine for text files, a trained model written to disk has some binary files that should not go through this conversion. When they do, you get the error above. You can fix it by either changing your core.autocrlf setting to "false", or by committing a .gitattributes file] to your repository to tell git on which files or folders it shouldn't do LF-to-CRLF conversion, with an entry like path/to/spacy/model/** -text. After you've done either of these, clone your repository again.

Changelog

import Changelog from 'widgets/changelog.js'