spaCy/spacy/gold.pyx

# cython: profile=True
# coding: utf8
from __future__ import unicode_literals, print_function

import re
import random
import numpy
import tempfile
import shutil
import itertools
from pathlib import Path
import srsly

from . import _align
from .syntax import nonproj
from .tokens import Doc, Span
from .errors import Errors
from .compat import path2str
from . import util
from .util import minibatch, itershuffle

from libc.stdio cimport FILE, fopen, fclose, fread, fwrite, feof, fseek


punct_re = re.compile(r"\W")


def tags_to_entities(tags):
    entities = []
    start = None
    for i, tag in enumerate(tags):
        if tag is None:
            continue
        if tag.startswith("O"):
            # TODO: We shouldn't be getting these malformed inputs. Fix this.
            if start is not None:
                start = None
            continue
        elif tag == "-":
            continue
        elif tag.startswith("I"):
            if start is None:
                raise ValueError(Errors.E067.format(tags=tags[:i + 1]))
            continue
        if tag.startswith("U"):
            entities.append((tag[2:], i, i))
        elif tag.startswith("B"):
            start = i
        elif tag.startswith("L"):
            entities.append((tag[2:], start, i))
            start = None
        else:
            raise ValueError(Errors.E068.format(tag=tag))
    return entities


def merge_sents(sents):
    m_deps = [[], [], [], [], [], []]
    m_brackets = []
    m_cats = sents.pop()
    i = 0
    for (ids, words, tags, heads, labels, ner), brackets in sents:
        m_deps[0].extend(id_ + i for id_ in ids)
        m_deps[1].extend(words)
        m_deps[2].extend(tags)
        m_deps[3].extend(head + i for head in heads)
        m_deps[4].extend(labels)
        m_deps[5].extend(ner)
        m_brackets.extend((b["first"] + i, b["last"] + i, b["label"])
                          for b in brackets)
        i += len(ids)
    m_deps.append(m_cats)
    return [(m_deps, m_brackets)]


def align(tokens_a, tokens_b):
    """Calculate alignment tables between two tokenizations, using the Levenshtein
    algorithm. The alignment is case-insensitive.

    tokens_a (List[str]): The candidate tokenization.
    tokens_b (List[str]): The reference tokenization.
    RETURNS: (tuple): A 5-tuple consisting of the following information:
      * cost (int): The number of misaligned tokens.
      * a2b (List[int]): Mapping of indices in `tokens_a` to indices in `tokens_b`.
        For instance, if `a2b[4] == 6`, that means that `tokens_a[4]` aligns
        to `tokens_b[6]`. If there's no one-to-one alignment for a token,
        it has the value -1.
      * b2a (List[int]): The same as `a2b`, but mapping the other direction.
      * a2b_multi (Dict[int, int]): A dictionary mapping indices in `tokens_a`
        to indices in `tokens_b`, where multiple tokens of `tokens_a` align to
        the same token of `tokens_b`.
      * b2a_multi (Dict[int, int]): As with `a2b_multi`, but mapping the other
            direction.
    """
    if tokens_a == tokens_b:
        alignment = numpy.arange(len(tokens_a))
        return 0, alignment, alignment, {}, {}
    tokens_a = [w.replace(" ", "").lower() for w in tokens_a]
    tokens_b = [w.replace(" ", "").lower() for w in tokens_b]
    cost, i2j, j2i, matrix = _align.align(tokens_a, tokens_b)
    i2j_multi, j2i_multi = _align.multi_align(i2j, j2i, [len(w) for w in tokens_a],
                                                        [len(w) for w in tokens_b])
    for i, j in list(i2j_multi.items()):
        if i2j_multi.get(i+1) != j and i2j_multi.get(i-1) != j:
            i2j[i] = j
            i2j_multi.pop(i)
    for j, i in list(j2i_multi.items()):
        if j2i_multi.get(j+1) != i and j2i_multi.get(j-1) != i:
            j2i[j] = i
            j2i_multi.pop(j)
    return cost, i2j, j2i, i2j_multi, j2i_multi


class GoldCorpus(object):
    """An annotated corpus, using the JSON file format. Manages
    annotations for tagging, dependency parsing and NER.

    DOCS: https://spacy.io/api/goldcorpus
    """
    def __init__(self, train, dev, gold_preproc=False, limit=None):
        """Create a GoldCorpus.

        train_path (unicode or Path): File or directory of training data.
        dev_path (unicode or Path): File or directory of development data.
        RETURNS (GoldCorpus): The newly created object.
        """
        self.limit = limit
        if isinstance(train, str) or isinstance(train, Path):
            train = self.read_tuples(self.walk_corpus(train))
            dev = self.read_tuples(self.walk_corpus(dev))
        # Write temp directory with one doc per file, so we can shuffle and stream
        self.tmp_dir = Path(tempfile.mkdtemp())
        self.write_msgpack(self.tmp_dir / "train", train, limit=self.limit)
        self.write_msgpack(self.tmp_dir / "dev", dev, limit=self.limit)

    def __del__(self):
        shutil.rmtree(path2str(self.tmp_dir))

    @staticmethod
    def write_msgpack(directory, doc_tuples, limit=0):
        if not directory.exists():
            directory.mkdir()
        n = 0
        for i, doc_tuple in enumerate(doc_tuples):
            srsly.write_msgpack(directory / "{}.msg".format(i), [doc_tuple])
            n += len(doc_tuple[1])
            if limit and n >= limit:
                break

    @staticmethod
    def walk_corpus(path):
        path = util.ensure_path(path)
        if not path.is_dir():
            return [path]
        paths = [path]
        locs = []
        seen = set()
        for path in paths:
            if str(path) in seen:
                continue
            seen.add(str(path))
            if path.parts[-1].startswith("."):
                continue
            elif path.is_dir():
                paths.extend(path.iterdir())
            elif path.parts[-1].endswith((".json", ".jsonl")):
                locs.append(path)
        return locs

    @staticmethod
    def read_tuples(locs, limit=0):
        i = 0
        for loc in locs:
            loc = util.ensure_path(loc)
            if loc.parts[-1].endswith("json"):
                gold_tuples = read_json_file(loc)
            elif loc.parts[-1].endswith("jsonl"):
                gold_tuples = srsly.read_jsonl(loc)
            elif loc.parts[-1].endswith("msg"):
                gold_tuples = srsly.read_msgpack(loc)
            else:
                supported = ("json", "jsonl", "msg")
                raise ValueError(Errors.E124.format(path=path2str(loc), formats=supported))
            for item in gold_tuples:
                yield item
                i += len(item[1])
                if limit and i >= limit:
                    return

    @property
    def dev_tuples(self):
        locs = (self.tmp_dir / "dev").iterdir()
        yield from self.read_tuples(locs, limit=self.limit)

    @property
    def train_tuples(self):
        locs = (self.tmp_dir / "train").iterdir()
        yield from self.read_tuples(locs, limit=self.limit)

    def count_train(self):
        n = 0
        i = 0
        for raw_text, paragraph_tuples in self.train_tuples:
            cats = paragraph_tuples.pop()
            for sent_tuples, brackets in paragraph_tuples:
                n += len(sent_tuples[1])
                if self.limit and i >= self.limit:
                    break
                i += 1
        return n

    def train_docs(self, nlp, gold_preproc=False, max_length=None,
                    noise_level=0.0, orth_variant_level=0.0):
        locs = list((self.tmp_dir / 'train').iterdir())
        random.shuffle(locs)
        train_tuples = self.read_tuples(locs, limit=self.limit)
        gold_docs = self.iter_gold_docs(nlp, train_tuples, gold_preproc,
                                        max_length=max_length,
                                        noise_level=noise_level,
                                        orth_variant_level=orth_variant_level,
                                        make_projective=True)
        yield from gold_docs

    def train_docs_without_preprocessing(self, nlp, gold_preproc=False):
        gold_docs = self.iter_gold_docs(nlp, self.train_tuples, gold_preproc=gold_preproc)
        yield from gold_docs

    def dev_docs(self, nlp, gold_preproc=False):
        gold_docs = self.iter_gold_docs(nlp, self.dev_tuples, gold_preproc=gold_preproc)
        yield from gold_docs

    @classmethod
    def iter_gold_docs(cls, nlp, tuples, gold_preproc, max_length=None,
                       noise_level=0.0, orth_variant_level=0.0, make_projective=False):
        for raw_text, paragraph_tuples in tuples:
            if gold_preproc:
                raw_text = None
            else:
                paragraph_tuples = merge_sents(paragraph_tuples)
            docs, paragraph_tuples = cls._make_docs(nlp, raw_text,
                    paragraph_tuples, gold_preproc, noise_level=noise_level,
                    orth_variant_level=orth_variant_level)
            golds = cls._make_golds(docs, paragraph_tuples, make_projective)
            for doc, gold in zip(docs, golds):
                if (not max_length) or len(doc) < max_length:
                    yield doc, gold

    @classmethod
    def _make_docs(cls, nlp, raw_text, paragraph_tuples, gold_preproc, noise_level=0.0, orth_variant_level=0.0):
        if raw_text is not None:
            raw_text, paragraph_tuples = make_orth_variants(nlp, raw_text, paragraph_tuples, orth_variant_level=orth_variant_level)
            raw_text = add_noise(raw_text, noise_level)
            return [nlp.make_doc(raw_text)], paragraph_tuples
        else:
            docs = []
            raw_text, paragraph_tuples = make_orth_variants(nlp, None, paragraph_tuples, orth_variant_level=orth_variant_level)
            return [Doc(nlp.vocab, words=add_noise(sent_tuples[1], noise_level))
                    for (sent_tuples, brackets) in paragraph_tuples], paragraph_tuples


    @classmethod
    def _make_golds(cls, docs, paragraph_tuples, make_projective):
        if len(docs) != len(paragraph_tuples):
            n_annots = len(paragraph_tuples)
            raise ValueError(Errors.E070.format(n_docs=len(docs), n_annots=n_annots))
        return [GoldParse.from_annot_tuples(doc, sent_tuples,
                                                make_projective=make_projective)
                    for doc, (sent_tuples, brackets)
                    in zip(docs, paragraph_tuples)]


def make_orth_variants(nlp, raw, paragraph_tuples, orth_variant_level=0.0):
    if random.random() >= orth_variant_level:
        return raw, paragraph_tuples
    if random.random() >= 0.5:
        lower = True
        if raw is not None:
            raw = raw.lower()
    ndsv = nlp.Defaults.single_orth_variants
    ndpv = nlp.Defaults.paired_orth_variants
    # modify words in paragraph_tuples
    variant_paragraph_tuples = []
    for sent_tuples, brackets in paragraph_tuples:
        ids, words, tags, heads, labels, ner, cats = sent_tuples
        if lower:
            words = [w.lower() for w in words]
        # single variants
        punct_choices = [random.choice(x["variants"]) for x in ndsv]
        for word_idx in range(len(words)):
            for punct_idx in range(len(ndsv)):
                if tags[word_idx] in ndsv[punct_idx]["tags"] \
                        and words[word_idx] in ndsv[punct_idx]["variants"]:
                    words[word_idx] = punct_choices[punct_idx]
        # paired variants
        punct_choices = [random.choice(x["variants"]) for x in ndpv]
        for word_idx in range(len(words)):
            for punct_idx in range(len(ndpv)):
                if tags[word_idx] in ndpv[punct_idx]["tags"] \
                        and words[word_idx] in itertools.chain.from_iterable(ndpv[punct_idx]["variants"]):
                    # backup option: random left vs. right from pair
                    pair_idx = random.choice([0, 1])
                    # best option: rely on paired POS tags like `` / ''
                    if len(ndpv[punct_idx]["tags"]) == 2:
                        pair_idx = ndpv[punct_idx]["tags"].index(tags[word_idx])
                    # next best option: rely on position in variants
                    # (may not be unambiguous, so order of variants matters)
                    else:
                        for pair in ndpv[punct_idx]["variants"]:
                            if words[word_idx] in pair:
                                pair_idx = pair.index(words[word_idx])
                    words[word_idx] = punct_choices[punct_idx][pair_idx]

        variant_paragraph_tuples.append(((ids, words, tags, heads, labels, ner, cats), brackets))
    # modify raw to match variant_paragraph_tuples
    if raw is not None:
        variants = []
        for single_variants in ndsv:
            variants.extend(single_variants["variants"])
        for paired_variants in ndpv:
            variants.extend(list(itertools.chain.from_iterable(paired_variants["variants"])))
        # store variants in reverse length order to be able to prioritize
        # longer matches (e.g., "---" before "--")
        variants = sorted(variants, key=lambda x: len(x))
        variants.reverse()
        variant_raw = ""
        raw_idx = 0
        # add initial whitespace
        while raw_idx < len(raw) and re.match("\s", raw[raw_idx]):
            variant_raw += raw[raw_idx]
            raw_idx += 1
        for sent_tuples, brackets in variant_paragraph_tuples:
            ids, words, tags, heads, labels, ner, cats = sent_tuples
            for word in words:
                match_found = False
                # add identical word
                if word not in variants and raw[raw_idx:].startswith(word):
                    variant_raw += word
                    raw_idx += len(word)
                    match_found = True
                # add variant word
                else:
                    for variant in variants:
                        if not match_found and \
                                raw[raw_idx:].startswith(variant):
                            raw_idx += len(variant)
                            variant_raw += word
                            match_found = True
                # something went wrong, abort
                # (add a warning message?)
                if not match_found:
                    return raw, paragraph_tuples
                # add following whitespace
                while raw_idx < len(raw) and re.match("\s", raw[raw_idx]):
                    variant_raw += raw[raw_idx]
                    raw_idx += 1
        return variant_raw, variant_paragraph_tuples
    return raw, variant_paragraph_tuples


def add_noise(orig, noise_level):
    if random.random() >= noise_level:
        return orig
    elif type(orig) == list:
        corrupted = [_corrupt(word, noise_level) for word in orig]
        corrupted = [w for w in corrupted if w]
        return corrupted
    else:
        return "".join(_corrupt(c, noise_level) for c in orig)


def _corrupt(c, noise_level):
    if random.random() >= noise_level:
        return c
    elif c in [".", "'", "!", "?", ","]:
        return "\n"
    else:
        return c.lower()


def read_json_object(json_corpus_section):
    """Take a list of JSON-formatted documents (e.g. from an already loaded
    training data file) and yield tuples in the GoldParse format.

    json_corpus_section (list): The data.
    YIELDS (tuple): The reformatted data.
    """
    for json_doc in json_corpus_section:
        tuple_doc = json_to_tuple(json_doc)
        for tuple_paragraph in tuple_doc:
            yield tuple_paragraph


def json_to_tuple(doc):
    """Convert an item in the JSON-formatted training data to the tuple format
    used by GoldParse.

    doc (dict): One entry in the training data.
    YIELDS (tuple): The reformatted data.
    """
    paragraphs = []
    for paragraph in doc["paragraphs"]:
        sents = []
        for sent in paragraph["sentences"]:
            words = []
            ids = []
            tags = []
            heads = []
            labels = []
            ner = []
            for i, token in enumerate(sent["tokens"]):
                words.append(token["orth"])
                ids.append(i)
                tags.append(token.get('tag', "-"))
                heads.append(token.get("head", 0) + i)
                labels.append(token.get("dep", ""))
                # Ensure ROOT label is case-insensitive
                if labels[-1].lower() == "root":
                    labels[-1] = "ROOT"
                ner.append(token.get("ner", "-"))
            sents.append([
                [ids, words, tags, heads, labels, ner],
                sent.get("brackets", [])])
        cats = {}
        for cat in paragraph.get("cats", {}):
            cats[cat["label"]] = cat["value"]
        sents.append(cats)
        if sents:
            yield [paragraph.get("raw", None), sents]


def read_json_file(loc, docs_filter=None, limit=None):
    loc = util.ensure_path(loc)
    if loc.is_dir():
        for filename in loc.iterdir():
            yield from read_json_file(loc / filename, limit=limit)
    else:
        for doc in _json_iterate(loc):
            if docs_filter is not None and not docs_filter(doc):
                continue
            for json_tuple in json_to_tuple(doc):
                yield json_tuple


def _json_iterate(loc):
    # We should've made these files jsonl...But since we didn't, parse out
    # the docs one-by-one to reduce memory usage.
    # It's okay to read in the whole file -- just don't parse it into JSON.
    cdef bytes py_raw
    loc = util.ensure_path(loc)
    with loc.open("rb") as file_:
        py_raw = file_.read()
    raw = <char*>py_raw
    cdef int square_depth = 0
    cdef int curly_depth = 0
    cdef int inside_string = 0
    cdef int escape = 0
    cdef int start = -1
    cdef char c
    cdef char quote = ord('"')
    cdef char backslash = ord("\\")
    cdef char open_square = ord("[")
    cdef char close_square = ord("]")
    cdef char open_curly = ord("{")
    cdef char close_curly = ord("}")
    for i in range(len(py_raw)):
        c = raw[i]
        if escape:
            escape = False
            continue
        if c == backslash:
            escape = True
            continue
        if c == quote:
            inside_string = not inside_string
            continue
        if inside_string:
            continue
        if c == open_square:
            square_depth += 1
        elif c == close_square:
            square_depth -= 1
        elif c == open_curly:
            if square_depth == 1 and curly_depth == 0:
                start = i
            curly_depth += 1
        elif c == close_curly:
            curly_depth -= 1
            if square_depth == 1 and curly_depth == 0:
                py_str = py_raw[start : i + 1].decode("utf8")
                try:
                    yield srsly.json_loads(py_str)
                except Exception:
                    print(py_str)
                    raise
                start = -1


def iob_to_biluo(tags):
    out = []
    tags = list(tags)
    while tags:
        out.extend(_consume_os(tags))
        out.extend(_consume_ent(tags))
    return out


def _consume_os(tags):
    while tags and tags[0] == "O":
        yield tags.pop(0)


def _consume_ent(tags):
    if not tags:
        return []
    tag = tags.pop(0)
    target_in = "I" + tag[1:]
    target_last = "L" + tag[1:]
    length = 1
    while tags and tags[0] in {target_in, target_last}:
        length += 1
        tags.pop(0)
    label = tag[2:]
    if length == 1:
        if len(label) == 0:
            raise ValueError(Errors.E177.format(tag=tag))
        return ["U-" + label]
    else:
        start = "B-" + label
        end = "L-" + label
        middle = ["I-%s" % label for _ in range(1, length - 1)]
        return [start] + middle + [end]


cdef class GoldParse:
    """Collection for training annotations.

    DOCS: https://spacy.io/api/goldparse
    """
    @classmethod
    def from_annot_tuples(cls, doc, annot_tuples, make_projective=False):
        _, words, tags, heads, deps, entities, cats = annot_tuples
        return cls(doc, words=words, tags=tags, heads=heads, deps=deps,
                   entities=entities, cats=cats,
                   make_projective=make_projective)

    def __init__(self, doc, annot_tuples=None, words=None, tags=None, morphology=None,
                 heads=None, deps=None, entities=None, make_projective=False,
                 cats=None, links=None, **_):
        """Create a GoldParse.

        doc (Doc): The document the annotations refer to.
        words (iterable): A sequence of unicode word strings.
        tags (iterable): A sequence of strings, representing tag annotations.
        heads (iterable): A sequence of integers, representing syntactic
            head offsets.
        deps (iterable): A sequence of strings, representing the syntactic
            relation types.
        entities (iterable): A sequence of named entity annotations, either as
            BILUO tag strings, or as `(start_char, end_char, label)` tuples,
            representing the entity positions.
        cats (dict): Labels for text classification. Each key in the dictionary
            may be a string or an int, or a `(start_char, end_char, label)`
            tuple, indicating that the label is applied to only part of the
            document (usually a sentence). Unlike entity annotations, label
            annotations can overlap, i.e. a single word can be covered by
            multiple labelled spans. The TextCategorizer component expects
            true examples of a label to have the value 1.0, and negative
            examples of a label to have the value 0.0. Labels not in the
            dictionary are treated as missing - the gradient for those labels
            will be zero.
        links (dict): A dict with `(start_char, end_char)` keys,
            and the values being dicts with kb_id:value entries,
            representing the external IDs in a knowledge base (KB)
            mapped to either 1.0 or 0.0, indicating positive and
            negative examples respectively.
        RETURNS (GoldParse): The newly constructed object.
        """
        if words is None:
            words = [token.text for token in doc]
        if tags is None:
            tags = [None for _ in words]
        if heads is None:
            heads = [None for _ in words]
        if deps is None:
            deps = [None for _ in words]
        if morphology is None:
            morphology = [None for _ in words]
        if entities is None:
            entities = ["-" for _ in doc]
        elif len(entities) == 0:
            entities = ["O" for _ in doc]
        else:
            # Translate the None values to '-', to make processing easier.
            # See Issue #2603
            entities = [(ent if ent is not None else "-") for ent in entities]
            if not isinstance(entities[0], basestring):
                # Assume we have entities specified by character offset.
                entities = biluo_tags_from_offsets(doc, entities)
        self.mem = Pool()
        self.loss = 0
        self.length = len(doc)

        # These are filled by the tagger/parser/entity recogniser
        self.c.tags = <int*>self.mem.alloc(len(doc), sizeof(int))
        self.c.heads = <int*>self.mem.alloc(len(doc), sizeof(int))
        self.c.labels = <attr_t*>self.mem.alloc(len(doc), sizeof(attr_t))
        self.c.has_dep = <int*>self.mem.alloc(len(doc), sizeof(int))
        self.c.sent_start = <int*>self.mem.alloc(len(doc), sizeof(int))
        self.c.ner = <Transition*>self.mem.alloc(len(doc), sizeof(Transition))

        self.cats = {} if cats is None else dict(cats)
        self.links = links
        self.words = [None] * len(doc)
        self.tags = [None] * len(doc)
        self.heads = [None] * len(doc)
        self.labels = [None] * len(doc)
        self.ner = [None] * len(doc)
        self.morphology = [None] * len(doc)

        # This needs to be done before we align the words
        if make_projective and heads is not None and deps is not None:
            heads, deps = nonproj.projectivize(heads, deps)

        # Do many-to-one alignment for misaligned tokens.
        # If we over-segment, we'll have one gold word that covers a sequence
        # of predicted words
        # If we under-segment, we'll have one predicted word that covers a
        # sequence of gold words.
        # If we "mis-segment", we'll have a sequence of predicted words covering
        # a sequence of gold words. That's many-to-many -- we don't do that.
        cost, i2j, j2i, i2j_multi, j2i_multi = align([t.orth_ for t in doc], words)

        self.cand_to_gold = [(j if j >= 0 else None) for j in i2j]
        self.gold_to_cand = [(i if i >= 0 else None) for i in j2i]

        annot_tuples = (range(len(words)), words, tags, heads, deps, entities)
        self.orig_annot = list(zip(*annot_tuples))

        for i, gold_i in enumerate(self.cand_to_gold):
            if doc[i].text.isspace():
                self.words[i] = doc[i].text
                self.tags[i] = "_SP"
                self.heads[i] = None
                self.labels[i] = None
                self.ner[i] = None
                self.morphology[i] = set()
            if gold_i is None:
                if i in i2j_multi:
                    self.words[i] = words[i2j_multi[i]]
                    self.tags[i] = tags[i2j_multi[i]]
                    self.morphology[i] = morphology[i2j_multi[i]]
                    is_last = i2j_multi[i] != i2j_multi.get(i+1)
                    is_first = i2j_multi[i] != i2j_multi.get(i-1)
                    # Set next word in multi-token span as head, until last
                    if not is_last:
                        self.heads[i] = i+1
                        self.labels[i] = "subtok"
                    else:
                        self.heads[i] = self.gold_to_cand[heads[i2j_multi[i]]]
                        self.labels[i] = deps[i2j_multi[i]]
                    # Now set NER...This is annoying because if we've split
                    # got an entity word split into two, we need to adjust the
                    # BILUO tags. We can't have BB or LL etc.
                    # Case 1: O -- easy.
                    ner_tag = entities[i2j_multi[i]]
                    if ner_tag == "O":
                        self.ner[i] = "O"
                    # Case 2: U. This has to become a B I* L sequence.
                    elif ner_tag.startswith("U-"):
                        if is_first:
                            self.ner[i] = ner_tag.replace("U-", "B-", 1)
                        elif is_last:
                            self.ner[i] = ner_tag.replace("U-", "L-", 1)
                        else:
                            self.ner[i] = ner_tag.replace("U-", "I-", 1)
                    # Case 3: L. If not last, change to I.
                    elif ner_tag.startswith("L-"):
                        if is_last:
                            self.ner[i] = ner_tag
                        else:
                            self.ner[i] = ner_tag.replace("L-", "I-", 1)
                    # Case 4: I. Stays correct
                    elif ner_tag.startswith("I-"):
                        self.ner[i] = ner_tag
            else:
                self.words[i] = words[gold_i]
                self.tags[i] = tags[gold_i]
                self.morphology[i] = morphology[gold_i]
                if heads[gold_i] is None:
                    self.heads[i] = None
                else:
                    self.heads[i] = self.gold_to_cand[heads[gold_i]]
                self.labels[i] = deps[gold_i]
                self.ner[i] = entities[gold_i]

        # Prevent whitespace that isn't within entities from being tagged as
        # an entity.
        for i in range(len(self.ner)):
            if self.tags[i] == "_SP":
                prev_ner = self.ner[i-1] if i >= 1 else None
                next_ner = self.ner[i+1] if (i+1) < len(self.ner) else None
                if prev_ner == "O" or next_ner == "O":
                    self.ner[i] = "O"

        cycle = nonproj.contains_cycle(self.heads)
        if cycle is not None:
            raise ValueError(Errors.E069.format(cycle=cycle,
                cycle_tokens=" ".join(["'{}'".format(self.words[tok_id]) for tok_id in cycle]),
                doc_tokens=" ".join(words[:50])))

    def __len__(self):
        """Get the number of gold-standard tokens.

        RETURNS (int): The number of gold-standard tokens.
        """
        return self.length

    @property
    def is_projective(self):
        """Whether the provided syntactic annotations form a projective
        dependency tree.
        """
        return not nonproj.is_nonproj_tree(self.heads)

    property sent_starts:
        def __get__(self):
            return [self.c.sent_start[i] for i in range(self.length)]

        def __set__(self, sent_starts):
            for gold_i, is_sent_start in enumerate(sent_starts):
                i = self.gold_to_cand[gold_i]
                if i is not None:
                    if is_sent_start in (1, True):
                        self.c.sent_start[i] = 1
                    elif is_sent_start in (-1, False):
                        self.c.sent_start[i] = -1
                    else:
                        self.c.sent_start[i] = 0


def docs_to_json(docs, id=0):
    """Convert a list of Doc objects into the JSON-serializable format used by
    the spacy train command.

    docs (iterable / Doc): The Doc object(s) to convert.
    id (int): Id for the JSON.
    RETURNS (dict): The data in spaCy's JSON format 
        - each input doc will be treated as a paragraph in the output doc
    """
    if isinstance(docs, Doc):
        docs = [docs]
    json_doc = {"id": id, "paragraphs": []}
    for i, doc in enumerate(docs):
        json_para = {'raw': doc.text, "sentences": [], "cats": []}
        for cat, val in doc.cats.items():
            json_cat = {"label": cat, "value": val}
            json_para["cats"].append(json_cat)
        ent_offsets = [(e.start_char, e.end_char, e.label_) for e in doc.ents]
        biluo_tags = biluo_tags_from_offsets(doc, ent_offsets)
        for j, sent in enumerate(doc.sents):
            json_sent = {"tokens": [], "brackets": []}
            for token in sent:
                json_token = {"id": token.i, "orth": token.text}
                if doc.is_tagged:
                    json_token["tag"] = token.tag_
                if doc.is_parsed:
                    json_token["head"] = token.head.i-token.i
                    json_token["dep"] = token.dep_
                json_token["ner"] = biluo_tags[token.i]
                json_sent["tokens"].append(json_token)
            json_para["sentences"].append(json_sent)
        json_doc["paragraphs"].append(json_para)
    return json_doc


def biluo_tags_from_offsets(doc, entities, missing="O"):
    """Encode labelled spans into per-token tags, using the
    Begin/In/Last/Unit/Out scheme (BILUO).

    doc (Doc): The document that the entity offsets refer to. The output tags
        will refer to the token boundaries within the document.
    entities (iterable): A sequence of `(start, end, label)` triples. `start`
        and `end` should be character-offset integers denoting the slice into
        the original string.
    RETURNS (list): A list of unicode strings, describing the tags. Each tag
        string will be of the form either "", "O" or "{action}-{label}", where
        action is one of "B", "I", "L", "U". The string "-" is used where the
        entity offsets don't align with the tokenization in the `Doc` object.
        The training algorithm will view these as missing values. "O" denotes a
        non-entity token. "B" denotes the beginning of a multi-token entity,
        "I" the inside of an entity of three or more tokens, and "L" the end
        of an entity of two or more tokens. "U" denotes a single-token entity.

    EXAMPLE:
        >>> text = 'I like London.'
        >>> entities = [(len('I like '), len('I like London'), 'LOC')]
        >>> doc = nlp.tokenizer(text)
        >>> tags = biluo_tags_from_offsets(doc, entities)
        >>> assert tags == ["O", "O", 'U-LOC', "O"]
    """
    # Ensure no overlapping entity labels exist
    tokens_in_ents = {}
       
    starts = {token.idx: token.i for token in doc}
    ends = {token.idx + len(token): token.i for token in doc}
    biluo = ["-" for _ in doc]
    # Handle entity cases
    for start_char, end_char, label in entities:
        for token_index in range(start_char, end_char):
            if token_index in tokens_in_ents.keys():
                raise ValueError(Errors.E103.format(
                    span1=(tokens_in_ents[token_index][0],
                            tokens_in_ents[token_index][1],
                            tokens_in_ents[token_index][2]),
                    span2=(start_char, end_char, label)))
            tokens_in_ents[token_index] = (start_char, end_char, label)

        start_token = starts.get(start_char)
        end_token = ends.get(end_char)
        # Only interested if the tokenization is correct
        if start_token is not None and end_token is not None:
            if start_token == end_token:
                biluo[start_token] = "U-%s" % label
            else:
                biluo[start_token] = "B-%s" % label
                for i in range(start_token+1, end_token):
                    biluo[i] = "I-%s" % label
                biluo[end_token] = "L-%s" % label
    # Now distinguish the O cases from ones where we miss the tokenization
    entity_chars = set()
    for start_char, end_char, label in entities:
        for i in range(start_char, end_char):
            entity_chars.add(i)
    for token in doc:
        for i in range(token.idx, token.idx + len(token)):
            if i in entity_chars:
                break
        else:
            biluo[token.i] = missing
    return biluo


def spans_from_biluo_tags(doc, tags):
    """Encode per-token tags following the BILUO scheme into Span object, e.g.
    to overwrite the doc.ents.

    doc (Doc): The document that the BILUO tags refer to.
    entities (iterable): A sequence of BILUO tags with each tag describing one
        token. Each tags string will be of the form of either "", "O" or
        "{action}-{label}", where action is one of "B", "I", "L", "U".
    RETURNS (list): A sequence of Span objects.
    """
    token_offsets = tags_to_entities(tags)
    spans = []
    for label, start_idx, end_idx in token_offsets:
        span = Span(doc, start_idx, end_idx + 1, label=label)
        spans.append(span)
    return spans


def offsets_from_biluo_tags(doc, tags):
    """Encode per-token tags following the BILUO scheme into entity offsets.

    doc (Doc): The document that the BILUO tags refer to.
    entities (iterable): A sequence of BILUO tags with each tag describing one
        token. Each tags string will be of the form of either "", "O" or
        "{action}-{label}", where action is one of "B", "I", "L", "U".
    RETURNS (list): A sequence of `(start, end, label)` triples. `start` and
        `end` will be character-offset integers denoting the slice into the
        original string.
    """
    spans = spans_from_biluo_tags(doc, tags)
    return [(span.start_char, span.end_char, span.label_) for span in spans]


def is_punct_label(label):
    return label == "P" or label.lower() == "punct"